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In engineering practice, materials science and engineering are often described through the processing–structure–properties–performance paradigm, in which processing determines structure, structure determines properties, and properties ultimately control the performance of a material in service.

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First isolated in the 1770s, manganese is a transition metal with many industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels in which it improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear.

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The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result.

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The bridge was constructed to connect the 39% of London's population that lived east of London Bridge, equivalent to the populations of "Manchester on the one side, and Liverpool on the other", while allowing shipping to access the Pool of London between the Tower of London and London Bridge.

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It can lead to uremia and acute kidney injury if not controlled.

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A loudspeaker (commonly referred to as a speaker or, more fully, a speaker system) is a combination of one or more speaker drivers, an enclosure, and electrical connections (possibly including a crossover network).

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A head-related transfer function (HRTF) is a response that characterizes how an ear receives a sound from a point in space.

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The first ever known artificial feedback device was a float valve, for maintaining water at a constant level, invented in 270 BC in Alexandria, Egypt.

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A clothes dryer (tumble dryer, drying machine, drying device, or simply dryer) is a powered household appliance that is used to remove moisture from a load of clothing, bedding and other textiles, usually after they are washed in the washing machine.

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They were first used widely during World War I (1914–1918), and are now used in many navies, large and small.

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The prefix micro- in microwave indicates that microwaves are small (having shorter wavelengths), compared to the radio waves used in prior radio technology.

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A transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication.

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An RF connector (radio frequency connector) is an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies.

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However, this also raises it on the other side, making it useful in only very limited situations.

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These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content via radio waves.

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A gear or gearwheel, also called a toothed wheel, or cog is a rotating machine part typically used to transmit rotational motion or torque by means of a series of "teeth" that engage with compatible teeth of another gear or other part.

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It is used when initiating a telephone call to transmit the destination telephone number to a telephone exchange as a succession of individual digits.

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A machine is a thermodynamic system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action.

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They are sometimes used to block particular contaminants, for example in front of a diffusion pump to trap backstreaming oil, or in front of a McLeod gauge to keep out water.

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Following the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom in 1802, trains rapidly spread around the world, allowing freight and passengers to travel over land faster and more cheaply than ever before.

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This helps direct the investigation as the investigator will be able to see where more information is needed about what happened, or how or why the incident occurred..

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Flows through piping networks can be bidirectional, as in underground water distribution networks which have designed-in redundancy..

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Papier-mâché reinforced with textiles or boiled cardboard (carton bouilli) can be used for durable, sturdy objects..

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It is particularly important in the design of integrated circuits (chips) and complex electronic systems, where it can potentially increase productivity, decrease costs, and speed up design cycles..

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If only some phases are affected, the resulting "asymmetric fault" becomes more complicated to analyse..

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This information can be sent to a sound module, synthesizer, or sampler, or can be recorded using a music sequencer or digital audio workstation for later playback..

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On 25 March 1955, the first prototype performed its maiden flight.

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Design and experimentation with gun synchronization had been underway in France and Germany in 1913–1914, following the ideas of August Euler, who seems to have been the first to suggest mounting a fixed armament firing in the direction of flight (in 1910).

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He patented the aileron in 1868, some 36 years before it was first employed in manned flight by Robert Esnault-Pelterie in 1904..

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Once formed vortices can move, stretch, twist, and interact in complex ways.

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Extremely hard materials like carbides, ceramics, titanium alloys and heat treated tool steels that are very difficult to machine using conventional machining can be precisely machined by EDM..

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Mobile phones also support a variety of multimedia capabilities, such as digital photography, video recording, and gaming.

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Smaller particle accelerators are used in a wide variety of applications, including particle therapy for oncological purposes, radioisotope production for medical diagnostics, ion implanters for the manufacture of semiconductors, and accelerator mass spectrometers for measurements of rare isotopes such as radiocarbon.

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Although the concept of using non-coin-based currency systems has a long history, it is only in the 21st century that the technology to support such systems has become widely available..

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Some gratings modulate the phases of incident waves rather than the amplitude, and these types of gratings can be produced frequently by using holography.

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A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can only be written once and read arbitrarily many times..

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The original Athlon (now called Athlon Classic) was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and the first desktop processor to reach speeds of one gigahertz (GHz)..

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Advantages include a compact, sealed, and coaxial form factor; continuous two-axis pointing with only rotary actuators; and potential for large clear apertures..

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If the object is held in air or vacuum without additional support, it can be called optical levitation..

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Some drives can only read from certain discs, while other drives can both read and record..

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An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal..

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The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles H..

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Computer programming is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks..

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Mass and bulk may be greater or less than equivalent open circuit scuba depending on circumstances..

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When a vehicle approaches a curb, the protruding feelers scrape against the concrete before the body or wheels can make contact..

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The complex electromechanical attitude director indicator (ADI) and horizontal situation indicator (HSI) were the first candidates for replacement by EFIS..

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Project lenders are given a lien on all of these assets and are able to assume control of a project if the project company has difficulties complying with the loan terms..

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Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) is one of the most common causes of unexpected brittle failure of thermoplastic (especially amorphous) polymers known at present..

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Cyanobacteria often live in colonial aggregates that can take a multitude of forms.

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Originally an importer of coin-operated arcade games to Japan and manufacturer of slot machines and jukeboxes, Sega began developing its own arcade games in 1966 with Periscope, which became a surprise success and led to more arcade machine development.

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These are considered mechanical metamaterials because their unusual thermal responses arise from engineered architecture rather than composition, enabling anisotropic conduction, thermal cloaking, and directional heat management using structures such as aligned fibers or carbon nanotube arrays..

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Mock-ups address the idea captured in a popular engineering one-liner: "You can fix it now on the drafting board with an eraser or you can fix it later on the construction site with a sledge hammer"..

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The first story contains the main entrance, the living room, two outdoor terraces, and the kitchen..

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It is the first production Lamborghini with a top speed in excess of 200 mph (322 km/h)..

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She first appears in Mass Effect as the SSV Normandy SR-1, the product of a joint venture between the human Systems Alliance and the Turian Hierarchy, and described as the most advanced military stealth starship in the galaxy within the series..

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At the time Britannic was the largest hospital ship in the world, and the largest vessel built in Ireland..

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On one voyage in 1943, she carried over 16,600 people, setting a record for the most people carried on one vessel at the same time that still stands..

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Some technologies provide short-term energy storage, while others can endure for much longer..

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The first postulate was first formulated by Galileo Galilei (see Galilean invariance).

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Research from Ampere Analysis indicated three points: the sector has consistently grown since at least 2015 and expanded 26% from 2019 to 2021, to a record $191 billion; the global games and services market is forecast to shrink 1.

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Trials of self-driving vehicles began in the 1950s with the first semi-autonomous car developed in 1977 by Japan's Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory..

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A software design can be compared to an architected plan for a house..

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They rely on a sliding piston to pneumatically store potential energy and withstand external force applied parallel to the direction of the piston shaft (loosely analogous similarly to a bicycle pump without a gas outlet)..

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On 3 February 2015, the first of two prototypes performed its maiden flight..

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The aircraft was first developed by General Dynamics in 1974.

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A prototype typically simulates only a few aspects of, and may be highly different from, the final product..

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Below are certain rule based standard guidelines which can be referred to while designing parts for injection molding considering manufacturability in mind..

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The Volvo 850 was shown for the first time in June 1991, and the car marked a departure for Volvo, featuring multiple unprecedented features for the company; these included a transverse 5-cylinder engine driving the front wheels, a Delta-link rear axle, a side impact protection system, and a self-adjusting front seat belt mechanism..

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In aviation, the sterile flight deck rule or sterile cockpit rule is a procedural requirement that during critical phases of flight (normally below 10,000 ft or 3,000 m), only activities required for the safe operation of the aircraft may be carried out by the flight crew, and all non-essential activities in the cockpit are forbidden..

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Condition monitoring has a unique benefit in that conditions that would shorten normal lifespan can be addressed before they develop into a major failure..

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Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as Selespeed and Easytronic, can control both the clutch operation and the gear shifts automatically, by means of an ECU, therefore requiring no manual intervention or driver input for gear changes.

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on their Edison Record label from 1912 to 1929.

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Optical fiber can carry voice, video, and data through local area networks or across long distances..

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Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity..

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They were studied as scientific curiosities by the Royal Society, and the unraveling of the principles of their unusual properties probably led to the development of the process for the production of toughened glass, which was patented in 1874..

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Ulexite (), sometimes called TV rock or TV stone due to its unusual optical properties, is a hydrous borate hydroxide of sodium and calcium with the chemical formula NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O.

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This history dependence is the basis of memory in a hard disk drive and the remanence that retains a record of the Earth's magnetic field magnitude in the past.

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Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events..

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Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables it to serve as the common element of all known life..

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Surrounding the Pearl River Delta with a total area of 56,000 km2 (comparable in size to Croatia), it is the largest and the richest economic region in South China..

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