lotnictwo: Electrical discharge machining

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Electrical discharge machining (EDM), also sometimes known as spark machining or spark eroding, is a metal cutting process whereby a desired shape is obtained by using electrical discharges (sparks). Material is removed from the work piece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One of the electrodes is called the tool electrode (or simply the tool or electrode), while the other is called the workpiece electrode, or workpiece. The electrode can be in any of several forms: when it is a wire, it is well suited to cutting a thin kerf, and the process is called wire EDM (also sometimes wire…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 92

Characterization and Evaluation of Engineered Coating Techniques for Different Cutting Tools-Review.. Coatings are now frequently used on cutting tool inserts in the metal production sector due to their better wear resistance and heat barrier effect. Protective hard coatings with a thickness of a few micrometers are created on cutting tools using physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD, CVD) to increase their application performance. Different coating materials are utilized for a wide range of cutting applications, generally in bi-or multilayer stacks, and typically belong to the material classes of nitrides, carbides, carbonitrides, borides, boronitrides, or oxides. The current study ex…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 92

Tribological Performance of High-Entropy Coatings (HECs): A Review.. Surface coatings that operate effectively at elevated temperatures provide compatibility with critical service conditions as well as improved tribological performance of the components. High-entropy coatings (HECs), including metallic, ceramics, and composites, have gained attention all over the world and developed rapidly over the past 18 years, due to their excellent mechanical and tribological properties. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are defined as alloys containing five or more principal elements in equal or close to equal atomic percentage. Owing to the high configurational entropy compared to conventional alloys, HEAs…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 88

A Comparative Study of Machining Parameters on Die-Sinking Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) using Copper and Aluminium Electrodes on Hard Steels. This paper considers effect of variation in value of Discharge current on different process parameters of Die Sinking EDM. The parameters considered were Material removal rate (MRR), Tool removal rate (TRR), Surface roughness (Ra) and Time (for machining required depth of cut). A total of 32 experiments were conducted on four different hard steels i.e. Die steel D3, En-8, En-19 and Stainless steel (SS-AISI-440C). The Copper and Aluminium electrodes brazed with mild steel were used for machining. The four different values of current i.e. 6A, 9A…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 80

Superabrasive machining increases throughput of super alloys, heat treated steels, ceramics and composites

Evidence: 51 • authority: 80

Superabrasive machining increases throughput of super alloys, heat treated steels, ceramics and composites

Evidence: 45 • authority: 80

Machining difficult materials—titanium alloys

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Laser Processing of Hard and Ultra-Hard Materials for Micro-Machining and Surface Engineering Applications.. Polycrystalline diamonds, polycrystalline cubic boron nitrides and tungsten carbides are considered difficult to process due to their superior mechanical (hardness, toughness) and wear properties. This paper aims to review the recent progress in the use of lasers to texture hard and ultra-hard materials to a high and reproducible quality. The effect of wavelength, beam type, pulse duration, fluence, and scanning speed is extensively reviewed, and the resulting laser mechanisms, induced damage, surface integrity, and existing challenges discussed. The cutting performance of different…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms/molecules in the sintered material diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating a solid piece. Since the sintering temperature does not have to reach the melting point of the material, sintering is often chosen as the shaping process for materials with extremely high melting points, such as tungsten and molybdenum. The study of sintering in metallurgical powder-related pr…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Some studies using Cryogenically treated Rotary Cu-tool electrode Electrical Discharge Machining

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. PM processes are sometimes used to reduce or eliminate the need for subtractive processes in manufacturing, lowering material losses and reducing the cost of the final product. This occurs especially often with small metal parts, like gears for small machines. Some porous products, allowing liquid or gas to permeate them, are produced in this way. They are also used when melting a material is impractical, due to it having a high melting point, or an alloy of two mutually insoluble materials, such as a mixture of copper and graphite. In this way, powder metallurgy can be used to make…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Ultrasonic machining is a subtractive manufacturing process that removes material from the surface of a part through high frequency, low amplitude vibrations of a tool against the material surface in the presence of fine abrasive particles. The tool travels vertically or orthogonal to the surface of the part at amplitudes of 0.05 to 0.125 mm (0.002 to 0.005 in.). The fine abrasive grains are mixed with water to form a slurry that is distributed across the part and the tip of the tool. Typical grain sizes of the abrasive material range from 100 to 1000, where smaller grains (higher grain number) produce smoother surface finishes. Ultrasonic vibration machining is typically used on brittle ma…