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A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races.

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The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first true automatic transmission.

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To prevent the inevitable tragedy (he argued) it was necessary to reject the principle (supposedly enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) according to which every family has a right to choose the number of its offspring, and to replace it by "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon".

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=== Need for Speed === === Hollywood Crash Test === With these tests based on numerous car chase scenes in films, the Build Team tested myths based on whether cars would be able to successfully drive through/into various obstructions.

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It predicts whether processes are forbidden despite obeying the requirement of conservation of energy as expressed in the first law of thermodynamics and provides necessary criteria for spontaneous processes.

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In soil mechanics, the term "liquefied" was first used by Allen Hazen in reference to the 1918 failure of the Calaveras Dam in California.

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Due to their rotating cylinder mechanism, they may also be called wheel guns.

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His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, achieved the first great unification in physics and established classical mechanics.

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Shannon was among the first to describe the use of Boolean algebra—essential to all digital electronic circuits—and helped found the field of artificial intelligence.

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The last new EF lens design was released in 2018, with Canon’s focus shifting to their new RF lens system.

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In physics, attenuation – colloquially, damping – is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium.

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3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity.

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Several types of camera exist, each suited to specific uses and offering unique capabilities.

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A movie camera (also known as a motion picture camera, or cine-camera) is a type of photographic camera that rapidly takes a sequence of photographs, either onto film stock or an image sensor, in order to produce a moving image to display on a screen.

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Electric potential is the work done to move an electric charge from one position to another within an electric field, typically measured in volts.

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A gas turbine is a complete continuous-flow internal combustion engine in which air is compressed, fuel is burned in the compressed air, and the resulting hot gas expands through a turbine.

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Cavitation in fluid mechanics and engineering normally is the phenomenon in which the static pressure of a liquid reduces to below the liquid's vapor pressure, leading to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in the liquid.

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A bridge is a structure designed to span an obstacle, such as a river or railway, allowing vehicles, pedestrians, and other loads to pass across.

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From about 1900, torpedo has been used strictly to designate a self-propelled underwater explosive device.

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The aircraft carrier, along with its onboard aircraft and defensive ancillary weapons, is the largest weapon system ever created.

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Static models range from mass-produced toys in white metal or plastic to highly accurate and detailed models produced for museum display and requiring thousands of hours of work.

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Flight or flying is the motion of an object through an atmosphere or through the vacuum of space, in this case also called spaceflight, without contacting any planetary surface.

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Air-breathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling nozzle—this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle.

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Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to prevent fire.

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It is the first space station built, maintained and crewed through international cooperation and the largest human spacecraft ever constructed.

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Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems.

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Mechanical engineering is the study of physical machines and mechanisms that may involve force and movement.

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The liquid then returns to the hot interface through capillary action, centrifugal force, or gravity, and the cycle repeats.

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Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings and other structures, like bridges.

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The earliest ceramics made by humans were fired clay bricks used for building house walls and other structures.

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The common types of flowmeters with industrial applications are listed below: Obstruction type (differential pressure or variable area) Inferential (turbine type) Electromagnetic Positive-displacement flowmeters, which accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow.

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In the year 2024, an estimated 4,663,698 industrial robots were in operation worldwide according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR).

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A vacuum gauge is used to measure pressures lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure, which is set as the zero point, in negative values (for instance, −1 bar or −760 mmHg equals total vacuum).

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The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the piezoelectric effect also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electric field.

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Microphones are used in telecommunication, sound recording, broadcasting, and consumer electronics, including telephones, hearing aids, and mobile devices.

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Because Earth's surface temperature and pressure is relatively close to water's triple point, water exists on Earth as a solid, a liquid, and a gas.

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Hydraulic shock (colloquial: water hammer; fluid hammer) is the pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly.

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Waterborne diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms, that are transmitted through contaminated water.

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== History == The principle of optical amplification was invented by Gordon Gould on November 13, 1957.

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Crystals were first used as a detector of radio waves in 1894 by Jagadish Chandra Bose, in his microwave optics experiments.

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Steering is the control of the direction of motion or the components that enable its control.

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The dates in this article frequently use the units mya and kya, which refer to millions and thousands of years ago, respectively.

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Thermostatically controlled loads comprise roughly 50% of the overall electricity demand in the United States.

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In a more specific sense, a city can be defined as a permanent and densely populated place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks.

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A forklift (also called industrial truck, lift truck, jitney, hi-lo, fork truck, fork hoist, and forklift truck) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials over short distances.

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Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity.

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Unlike inherent safety to a particular hazard, a system being "fail-safe" does not mean that failure is naturally inconsequential, but rather that the system's design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system's failure.

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A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.

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The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles H.

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After registering, users can create a profile revealing personal information about themselves.

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Although its autofocus mechanism is slow in comparison to modern standards, it was an improvement on Nikon's first attempt at an autofocus SLR - the F-501 (N2020 in North America), and proved to be reliable and durable, typical of Nikon's cameras.

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The most common type of scanner used in the home and the office is the flatbed scanner, where the document is placed on a glass bed.

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The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France.

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An analog computer or analogue computer is a type of computation machine (computer) that uses physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities behaving according to the mathematical principles in question (analog signals) to model the problem being solved.

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Haptic technology (also kinaesthetic communication or 3D touch) is technology that can create an experience of touch by applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user.

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There are limits to what can be achieved on the supply side, because some generating units can take a long time to come up to full power, some units may be very expensive to operate, and demand can at times be greater than the capacity of all the available power plants put together.

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The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".

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LonWorks or Local Operating Network is an open standard (ISO/IEC 14908) for networking platforms specifically created to address the needs of control applications.

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The central section, a bascule (drawbridge) which had not been used since 1961, was replaced in 2018 by one that does not open.

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The route, a transcontinental railroad and rail land bridge, comprises the Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs through Russia and is sometimes called the Northern East-West Corridor, and the New Eurasian Land Bridge or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge, running through China and Kazakhstan.

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Hydropower (from Ancient Greek ὑδρο-, "water"), also known as water power or water energy, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines.

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A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, airship, or other vehicle that moves through a fluid medium (usually water or air).

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== History == === Kites === Kites were used approximately 2,800 years ago in China, where kite building materials were available.

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Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3 (2,300 mph; 3,700 km/h) and can operate up to Mach 6 (4,600 mph; 7,400 km/h).

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Steam-driven devices such as the aeolipile were known in the first century AD, and few other uses were recorded in the 16th century.

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Integrated circuits are integral to a wide variety of electronic devices (including computers, smartphones, and televisions) performing functions such as data processing, control, and storage.

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This glossary of agriculture is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in agriculture, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including horticulture, animal husbandry, agribusiness, and agricultural policy.

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The name refers to its design where instead of a large steel pressure vessel surrounding the entire core, the core is surrounded by a cylindrical annular steel tank inside a concrete vault and each fuel assembly is enclosed in an individual 8.

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This time allows concrete to not only be cast in forms, but also to have a variety of tooled processes performed.

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A crane is a machine used to move materials both vertically and horizontally, utilizing a system of a boom, hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves for lifting and relocating heavy objects within the swing of its boom.

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== Alphabetical list == === A === Vitaly Abalakov (1906–1986), Russia – camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread), gearless ice climbing anchor Ernst Karl Abbe (1840–1905), Germany – Condenser (microscope), apochromatic lens, refractometer Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), USSR/Russia/Armenia – tricolor principle of the color television Samuel W.

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A counterweight is a weight that, by applying an opposite force, provides balance and stability of a mechanical system.

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== Overview == Cooling ponds are used where sufficient land is available, as an alternative to cooling towers or discharging of heated water to a nearby river or coastal bay, a process known as “once-through cooling.

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An autonomous building is a hypothetical building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some cases, public roads.

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This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water).

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In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

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First isolated in the 1770s, manganese is a transition metal with many industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels in which it improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear.

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The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result.

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The bridge was constructed to connect the 39% of London's population that lived east of London Bridge, equivalent to the populations of "Manchester on the one side, and Liverpool on the other", while allowing shipping to access the Pool of London between the Tower of London and London Bridge.

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It can lead to uremia and acute kidney injury if not controlled.

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