materialy: Building material

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings and other structures, like bridges. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.

Evidence: 63 • authority: 72

Asbestos or asbestus ( ass-BES-təs, az-, -⁠toss) is a group of naturally occurring, fibrous silicate minerals that have been used for thousands of years to create flexible fire-resistant objects, such as fireproof fabrics. It is toxic and carcinogenic. There are six types, all of which are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals, with each fibre (particulate with length substantially greater than width) composed of many microscopic "fibrils" that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes. Inhalation of asbestos fibres can lead to various dangerous lung conditions, including mesothelioma, asbestosis, and lung cancer. As a result of these health effects, asbestos…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 72

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) consist of materials, usually industrial wastes or by-products enriched with radioactive elements found in the environment, such as uranium, thorium and potassium-40 (a long-lived beta emitter that is part of natural potassium on earth) and any of the products of the decay chains of the former two, such as radium and radon. Produced water discharges and spills are a good example of entering NORMs into the surrounding environment. Natural radioactive elements are present in very low concentrations in Earth's crust, and are brought to the surface through human activ…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 72

Evidence: 46 • authority: 92

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Materials science is the study of materials, their properties, and their applications. Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis. In industry, materials are inputs to manufacturing processes to produce products or more complex materials, and the nature an…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Recent trends of organic synthesis through cobalt metal-based catalysis: a review.. Over the last three decades, transition-metal-catalysed organic transformations have been shown to be extremely important in organic synthesis. Cobalt, a first-row transition metal, has gained prominence due to its low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and unique reactivity profiles, making it an attractive alternative to more precious metals traditionally used in catalysis. This review highlights the recent progress in the synthesis of biologically important organic compounds facilitated by cobalt metal-based catalysis, underscoring the versatility, and efficiency of these methodologies. In this review various…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Risk assessment of radionuclides in different environmental matrices in the State of Qatar, Arabian Gulf.. Environmental radioactivity in Qatar arises from a combination of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORM) and technically enhanced NORM (TENORM) associated with industrial activities. This study presents a comprehensive systematic review with quantitative synthesis of radionuclide concentrations across multiple environmental matrices, including soil, sediment, groundwater, seawater, building materials, and marine biota, extracted from research papers published between 1980 and September 2025. Data synthesis reveals those natural radionuclides such as 226 Ra, 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K ex…