elektronika: History of the Internet

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Internet originated in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnect computer networks. The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France. Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time-sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. J. C. R. Licklider articulated the idea of a universal network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of…

Evidence: 71 • authority: 72

The Protocol Wars were a long-running debate in computer science that occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s, when engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which communication protocol would result in the best and most robust networks. This culminated in the Internet–OSI Standards War in the 1980s and early 1990s, which was ultimately "won" by the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) by the mid-1990s when it became the dominant protocol suite through rapid adoption of the Internet. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the pioneers of packet switching technology built computer networks providing data communication, that is the ability to transfer data between points or…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that comprises private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information services and resources, such as the interlinked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, discussion groups, internet telephony, streaming media and file sharing. Most traditional communication media, including telephone, radio, telev…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is a framework for organizing the communication protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks according to functional criteria. The foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the Internet Protocol (IP). Early versions of this networking model were known as the Department of Defense (DoD) Internet Architecture Model because the research and development were funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet protocol suite provides end-to-end data communication specifying how data…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Candidate Passive Sensor Suite Technologies for Tactical Combat Casualty Care Environments: Comparative Assessment Study.. Background The United States Army Institute for Surgical Research conducted an analysis of 3 prototype sensor suites; all candidates were designed to passively document care delivery in tactical combat casualty care environments. Objective This study aims to ensure sensor suites remain resilient and adaptive in complex battlefield environments. This research effort conducts a systematic comparative assessment of prototype solutions. Methods The assessment methodology prioritized functionality, usability, and performance. The assessment consisted of three phases: (1) tab…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion, and was intended to replace IPv4. In December 1998, IPv6 became a Draft Standard for the IETF, which subsequently ratified it as an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017. Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique IP address for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercializa…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Comprehensive security review and challenges for smart and power grids to prevent cyber-attacks in IoTs.. One of the most significant use cases of the Internet of Things (IoTs) is the Smart Grid (SG), which is an advanced digital bi-directional power distribution system characterized by self-recovery capabilities. This SG offers resilient, adaptive, self-recovery, and sustainable power distribution. The recent past has seen a gradual shift from unidirectional power systems towards the SG's bi-directional model. However, these large, complex, and self-healing SG systems have numerous vulnerabilities that threaten the exchanged data and power control commands. Therefore, many research efforts…