chlodzenie-i-ogrzewanie: Chiller

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Evidence: 72 • authority: 72

Radiators are heat exchangers used for cooling internal combustion engines, mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway locomotives, motorcycles, stationary generating plants or any similar use of such an engine. Internal combustion engines are often cooled by circulating a liquid called engine coolant through the engine block and cylinder head where it is heated, then through a radiator where it loses heat to the atmosphere, and then returned to the engine. Engine coolant is usually water-based, but may also be oil. It is common to employ a water pump to force the engine coolant to circulate, and also for an axial fan to force air through the radiator. Electric cars…

Evidence: 66 • authority: 72

A heat pump is a device that uses mechanical or thermal energy to transfer heat from one space to another. The mechanical heat pump uses electric power to transfer heat by compression. Specifically, it transfers thermal energy by means of a heat pump and refrigeration cycle, cooling one space and warming the other. In winter, a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house; in summer, it may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors, functioning in the same manner as an air conditioner. As it transfers rather than generates heat, it is more energy-efficient than heating by gas boiler. In a typical vapor-compression heat pump, a gaseous refrigerant…

Evidence: 66 • authority: 72

In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In doing so, the latent heat is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes s…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 72

A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing, and sewage treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Another e…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 80

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Application of nanofluids for performance improvement of plate heat exchangers: A comprehensive review.. The demand for efficient thermal management in industries has driven research into nanofluids (NFs) as potential replacements for conventional heat transfer fluids (HTFs) in plate heat exchangers (PHEs). A key challenge is achieving higher heat transfer rates (HTRs) while minimizing pressure drop, which is crucial for improving energy efficiency in industrial processes. NFs are categorized into two types: simple (mono) NFs, such as single-walled (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in base fluids, and hybrid NFs, which combine multiple nanoparticles to enhance pe…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Experimental comparative analysis of solar thermal and photovoltaic integrated vapor absorption refrigeration systems for low-GWP sustainable cooling under tropical conditions.. Refrigeration, an indispensable modern technology with ancient origins, continues to evolve under the pressing demand for sustainability. In India, where the domestic refrigeration market is projected to reach ₹285 billion by 2034. The growing dependence on conventional vapor compression systems poses significant environmental challenges due to their reliance on high-GWP refrigerants such as R134a (GWP = 1430). Vapor Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) systems provide a sustainable alternative because they utilize low-gr…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Thermoelectric heat pumps use the thermoelectric effect, specifically the Peltier effect, to heat or cool materials by applying an electrical current across them. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current. Such an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and occasionally a thermoelectric battery. It can be used either for heating or for cooling, although in practice the main application is cooling since heating can be achieved…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 88

Evidence: 45 • authority: 88

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92