transport: Rudder

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, airship, or other vehicle that moves through a fluid medium (usually water or air). On an airplane, the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw and p-factor and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the craft's stern, tail, or afterend. Often rudders are shaped to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag. On simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or pole acting…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 72

Flight control surfaces are aerodynamic devices allowing a pilot to adjust and control the aircraft's flight attitude. The primary function of these is to control the aircraft's movement along the three axes of rotation. Flight control surfaces are generally operated by dedicated aircraft flight control systems. Development of an effective set of flight control surfaces was a critical advance in the history of development of aircraft. Early efforts at fixed-wing aircraft design succeeded in generating sufficient lift to get the aircraft off the ground, however with limited control. The development of effective flight controls allowed stable flight. A conventional fixed-wing aircraft uses th…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 72

Aquaplaning or hydroplaning by the tires of a road vehicle, aircraft or other wheeled vehicle occurs when a layer of water builds between the wheels of the vehicle and the road surface, leading to a loss of traction that prevents the vehicle from responding to control inputs. If it occurs to all wheels simultaneously, the vehicle becomes, in effect, an uncontrolled sled. Aquaplaning is a different phenomenon from when water on the surface of the roadway merely acts as a lubricant. Traction is diminished on wet pavement even when aquaplaning is not occurring.

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Harmonic adaptive fault-tolerant control for incipient and multiple faults of high mobility fighter.. This paper proposes a harmonic adaptive fault-tolerant control (FTC) designed to handle multiple disturbances and faults, including incipient faults, in high-mobility fighter aircraft. For an affine model with vector-engine tail-rudder inputs, a double-loop nominal nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI) controller ensures stability under ideal conditions. Next, a simple adaptive sliding mode estimator accurately tracks disturbance amplitudes and transforms the nominal NDI into a robust adaptive control framework. A fault estimator equipped with additional adaptive laws identifies compound rudder…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Safety boundary protection control for distributed propulsion vehicle operating in plateau environment.. In plateau environment, aircraft encounter significant challenges stemming from low air density, strong and turbulent winds, insufficient lift and stability, as well as a tendency toward lateral-longitudinal coupling instability. To mitigate these issues, distributed propulsion technology is introduced to improve both aerodynamic and handling performance. This is combined with a boundary protection control strategy designed to enhance flight safety under complex wind conditions. First, dynamic wind tunnel tests are carried out to examine the longitudinal and lateral aerodynamic character…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

A rudder pedal is a foot-operated aircraft flight control interface for controlling the rudder of an aircraft. The usual set-up in modern aircraft is that each pilot has a pedal set consisting of a pair of pedals, with one pedal for each foot. Each right and left pedal works together so that one pedal pops out when the other is depressed, and convention is that the rudder rotates in the same direction as the arm connecting the two rudder pedals. For example, if a pilot presses the left rudder pedal forward, rotating the arm clockwise, the rudder will also rotate clockwise, deflecting airflow at the tail to the left and yawing the plane to the left. Similarly, if the pilot presses the right…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72