materialy: History of computing hardware

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic automatically, or a simulation like an analog computer or a slide rule. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in size to small desktop computers and have been rendered obsolete by the advent of the electronic calculator and the digital computer. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the first operational mechanical calculator with better tens-carry. Concerned about his father's exhausting work as tax collector in Rouen, Pascal designed the Pascaline to help with the large amount of tedious arithmetic required. In 1672, Gottfried Leibniz started designing an entirely new…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

A vacuum-tube computer, now termed a first-generation computer, is a computer that uses vacuum tubes for logic circuitry. While the history of mechanical aids to computation goes back centuries, if not millennia, the history of vacuum tube computers is confined to the middle of the 20th century. Lee De Forest invented the triode in 1906. The first example of using vacuum tubes for computation, the Atanasoff–Berry computer, was demonstrated in 1939. Vacuum-tube computers were initially one-of-a-kind designs, but commercial models were introduced in the 1950s and sold in volumes ranging from single digits to thousands of units. By the early 1960s vacuum tube computers were obsolete, supersede…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Arithmetic optimization algorithm based PID control for reduced order motorized wheelchairs with real time MIL SIL PIL validation.. Effective control of motorized wheelchairs needs methods with capabilities for stability, rapid response, accuracy, and robustness against nonlinearities and disturbances common in electromechanical systems. In this article, an optimized PID controller based on an Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), known as AOA-PID, strategy is introduced. A full wheelchair model and an optimization model are used, offering a chance for a reduction in computation cost with retention of basic system dynamics. Experimental research on the role of PID factors will be conduct…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

An analog computer or analogue computer is a type of computation machine (computer) that uses physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities behaving according to the mathematical principles in question (analog signals) to model the problem being solved. In contrast, digital computers represent varying quantities symbolically and by discrete values of both time and amplitude (digital signals). Analog computers can have a very wide range of complexity. Slide rules and nomograms are the simplest, while naval gunfire control computers and large hybrid digital/analog computers were among the most complicated. Complex mechanisms for process control and protective rela…