materiały: Nanotoxicology

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity. Of the possible hazards, inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern, with animal studies showing pulmonary effects such as inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenicity for some nanomaterials. Skin contact and ingestion exposure are also a concern.

Evidence: 71 • authority: 92

Application of Biotechnology in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles-A Review.. The field of nanoparticle-based biotechnology has undergone substantial advancement, characterized by progress in targeted drug delivery systems, the development of innovative diagnostic and imaging platforms, the expanded adoption of environmentally sustainable ("green") synthesis approaches, and an increasing emphasis on the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and nanorobotics. Conventional nanoparticle synthesis often involves toxic reducing agents; however, recent advances promote eco-friendly green synthesis methods utilizing biological systems such as bacteria, fungi, algae, yeas…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 72

A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, or fibers and tubes that are less than 100 nm in only two directions. At the lowest range, metal particles smaller than 1 nm are usually called atom clusters instead. Nanoparticles are distinguished from microparticles (1–1000 μm), "fine particles" (sized between 100 and 2500 nm), and "coarse particles" (ranging from 2500 to 10,000 nm), because their smaller size drives very different physical or chemical properties, like colloidal properties and ultrafast optical effects or electric properties. Being more subject to the Brownian m…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 88

SIZE, SURFACE, AND QUANTUM CONFINEMENT EFFECTS IN LOW-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS. Nanomaterials have physical properties that differ greatly from those of bulk materials. This difference arises from smaller size, a higher surface-to-volume ratio, and quantum confinement. These size-dependent effects are key in shaping the structural, electronic, optical, and transport traits of low-dimensional systems. This chapter discusses the physical principles behind size, surface, and quantum confinement in nanomaterials, focusing on zero-, one-, and two-dimensional systems. It introduces basic ideas about quantum confinement and explains how this affects band structure, density of states, optical abso…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 80

Highly Emissive Green ZnSeTe Quantum Dots: Effects of Core Size on Their Optical Properties and Comparison with InP Counterparts

Evidence: 53 • authority: 92

Large-Scale Meta-Analysis of Nanomaterials Toxicity Based on Natural Language Processing of Scientific Articles.. Natural language processing (NLP) pipelines can mine the nanotoxicology literature at a scale and resolution that cannot be achieved by manual curation. Here, we established a NLP pipeline that coupled topic modeling and end point-specific extraction LLM prompts to convert ∼10 6 sentences extracted from abstracts of scientific articles into a structured knowledge base containing 13 nanotoxicology features. The pipeline is capable of analyzing and extracting nanomaterial descriptors such as size, ζ potential, and surface area, along with biological end points such as minimum inhi…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 92

Plant-Mediated Production of Antibacterial Nanomaterials Fulfilling a Reactive Oxygen Species Strategy.. Innovative antibacterial agents, which need to be urgently developed, should provide a new path that avoids pathogenic bacteria drug resistance. A promising strategy to treat bacterial infections consists of implementing nanoparticles (NPs). Several nanomaterials, including metal NPs, induce oxidative stress in living cells by producing reactive radicals at their surface. The oxidative stress thus raised is a potent mechanism of antibacterial action. Owing to their reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related ability, metal NPs could contribute to the targeted bioactivity of preparations design…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

MXene quantum dot polymer nanocomposites as smart platforms for targeted drug delivery and multifunctional biomedical applications: an updated review.. MXenes (Ti 3 C 2 T X ) and their composites exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, flexibility, and biocompatibility, making them ideal for creating smart microrobots for targeted drug delivery, especially in cancer treatment. Their customizable surfaces enable precise navigation and targeted therapeutic release, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. They can also co-deliver multiple drugs for synergistic therapies. However, challenges in scalable production, stability, and regulation remain. Simultaneously, combining MXenes wi…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Sustainable synthesis of mono-, bi- and tri-metallic nanoparticles using endophytic fungi: characterization and different applications.. Endophytic fungi represent an emerging and promising biological platform for the sustainable biosynthesis of nanoparticles within the rapidly developing field of green nanotechnology. Conventional physicochemical methods for nanoparticle production often require toxic chemicals, high energy consumption, and complex processing conditions, which raise environmental and biomedical safety concerns. In contrast, fungal endophyte-mediated synthesis provides an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable alternative for generating metal and metal oxide nanoparticl…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

Nanomaterials describe, in principle, chemical substances or materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale). Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, thermo-physical or mechanical properties. Nanobiomaterials are a specialization of nanomaterials; nanobiomaterials are biomaterials (both natural and synthetic compatible with the human body and typically used in Medicine…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand. Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common. It is typically used as a colloid, hence the name colloidal silver. Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands. The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in labo…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension size measuring between 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing the properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these distinctive properties. The plural form “nanotechnologies” is also commonly used, as is the term “nanoscale technologies,” to refer to research and applications whose defining characteristic is their scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating ato…