materiały: Prince Rupert's drop

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Prince Rupert's drops (also known as Dutch tears or Batavian tears) are toughened glass beads created by dripping molten glass into cold water, which causes the glass to solidify into a tadpole-shaped droplet with a long, thin tail. These droplets are characterized internally by very high residual stresses, which give rise to counter-intuitive properties such as the ability to withstand a blow from a hammer or even the impact of a bullet on the bulbous end without breaking, while exhibiting explosive disintegration if the tail end is even slightly damaged. In nature, similar structures are produced under certain conditions in volcanic lava and are known as Pele's tears. The drops are named…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Safety glass is glass with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to become a hazard when broken. Common designs include toughened glass (also known as tempered glass), laminated glass, and wire mesh glass (also known as wired glass). Toughened glass was invented in 1874 by Francois Barthelemy Alfred Royer de la Bastie. Wire mesh glass was invented in 1892 by Frank Shuman. Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the French chemist Édouard Bénédictus (1878–1930). These three approaches can easily be combined, allowing for the creation of glass that is at the same time toughened, laminated, and contains a wire mesh. However, combination of a wire mesh wit…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or "rubbery" state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition is called a glass. The reverse transition, achieved by supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state, is called vitrification. The glass-transition temperature Tg of a material characterizes the range of temperatures over which this glass transition occurs (as an experimental definition, typically marked as 100 s of relaxation time). It is always low…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

The realm of Prince Rupert. Abstract A. Rupert Hall, Newton, his Friends and Foes and Science and Society: Historical Essays on the Relations of Science, Technology and Medicine. Aldershot: Variorum, 1993 and 1994; pp. xii + 330 and x + 324, £49.50 and £47.50. ISBN 0 86078 347 2 and 0 86078 400 2. All admirers of the work of Rupert Hall will be indebted to Variorum for collecting together thirty-two of his scholarly essays from widely scattered sources. These appear - retaining their original format and illustrations - in two stoutly-bound volumes, each provided with a useful index of names. Newton, his Friends and Foes provides a kind of pendant to Hall’s existing books on Newton, from his…