materiały: Carbon

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Carbon (from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—meaning that its atoms are able to form up to four covalent bonds due to its valence shell exhibiting 4 electrons. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of 5,700 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's ab…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction remaining on the filter is called particulate organic carbon (POC). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with DOC. While DOC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the dissolved organic material, DOM refers to the total mass of the dissolved organic matter. So DOM also includes the mass of other elements present in the organic material, such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. DOC is a component of DOM and there is typically about twice as muc…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

In the context of the periodic table, a nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks distinctive metallic properties. Physically, nonmetals range from colorless gases such as hydrogen to lustrous crystalline solids such as iodine. They are usually less dense than metals and are often poor conductors of heat and electricity. Chemically, they have moderate to very high electronegativity—a tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond—and their oxides tend to be acidic. Seventeen elements are widely recognized as nonmetals. Additionally, some or all of six borderline elements (metalloids) are sometimes counted as nonmetals. The two lightest nonmetals, hydrogen and helium, together make…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 80

Amazonian Dark Earth and Its Black Carbon Particles Harbor Different Fungal Abundance and Diversity

Evidence: 40 • authority: 92

Unraveling the Taxonomic Diversity and Functional Potential of the Tunisian Salterns, Abbassia and Thyna, via Integrated 16S-18S Amplicons and Shotgun Metagenomics.. Hypersaline environments are unique ecosystems harboring specialized microbial communities with significant biotechnological potential. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of two Tunisian salterns, Abbassia (Kerkennah) and Thyna (Sfax), using an integrated approach that combines 16S/18S rRNA gene amplicons (Illumina and full-length Nanopore) with shotgun metagenomics. Taxonomic profiling revealed a high species richness (S ≈ 1250 taxa); however, the Abbassia s…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 92

Resolving aromatic spectral congestion in whole-cell solid-state NMR: Signatures of condensed tannins and lignin in plant tissues.. Solid-state NMR enables direct characterization of intact biological materials but is often hindered by spectral congestion arising from chemically similar components. A major challenge in plant tissues is distinguishing condensed tannins from lignin, two aromatic polymers that frequently coexist and generate overlapping 13 C resonances. Here, we establish experimentally validated spectral signatures for differentiating condensed tannins from lignin in whole-cell solid-state NMR spectra. By integrating simulated 13 C chemical shift maps with experimental 13 C-…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Assimilation of Unusual Carbon Compounds

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Carbon DotsPlasmonics Coupling Enables Energy Transfer and Provides Unique Chemical Signatures

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Distinct properties of plastic-derived submicrometer particles from smoldering burning.. Widespread plastic use and mismanaged disposal release substantial amounts of particles into the atmosphere during waste burning. We define these thermally generated particles as plastic-derived submicrometer particles (PDSPs), a poorly characterized class of contaminants. We provide direct evidence that PDSPs are distinct from conventional micro- and nanoplastic particles that are formed mainly by mechanical processes. We show that PDSPs contain mixtures of altered polymeric substances and oxygenated compounds produced by extensive thermal decomposition and chemical transformations during smoldering. V…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Development of a Methodology for Analyzing Microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants.. Global pollution by MPs has become an emerging concern, and recent studies have focused on analyzing their presence in wastewater treatment systems. One of the main challenges in this field is the absence of standardized methods, reference materials, and comparative data. This study aimed to develop, optimize, and validate a methodological framework for the extraction and identification of MPs in wastewater matrices. Reference MPs were produced from the polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropyle…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 92

Harnessing plant microbiomes to enhance crop resilience and restore war-affected soils in Ukraine.. This review presents the current understanding of the rhizosphere microbiome and its potential application for the regeneration of damaged soils. The aim was to examine the issues of soil degradation associated with military actions and the latest developments in microbiome engineering for their application in the bioremediation of damaged lands. The review analyses recent developments and achievements in the study of the microbiome, its role in soil fertility, and plant protection against stress. Various directions and approaches to microbial profiling and addressing relevant pollution issue…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. Obligate marine fungi grow exclusively in the marine habitat while wholly or sporadically submerged in sea water. Facultative marine fungi normally occupy terrestrial or freshwater habitats, but are capable of living or even sporulating in a marine habitat. Marine fungi account for about 5% of the total ocean biomass. About 2,149 species of marine fungi have been described, within eleven phyla and 856 genera, although only about 64 species have been fully genetically sequenced. Many species of marine fungi are known only from spores and it is likely a…