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Issues of false balance or false equivalence can occur when fringe theories are presented as being equal to widely accepted theories..

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It states that herbs or animals have physical or behavioral traits that mirror the ailment it can successfully treat..

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Events such as Noah's Flood are described as explaining much of the geological and fossil record..

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Public water fluoridation was first practiced in 1945 in the U..

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The congregation began with the support of white clergy and, with over 1,848 members, rapidly became the second-largest AME congregation in the nation..

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Some hoaxers intend to eventually unmask their representations as having been a hoax so as to expose their victims as fools; seeking some form of profit, other hoaxers hope to maintain the hoax indefinitely, so that it is only when skeptical people willing to investigate their claims publish their findings, that the hoaxers are finally revealed as such..

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According to the Wesley Medical Center, these sorts of traditional norms can be dangerous to those not infected with the virus as it increases their chances of coming in contact with their family member's bodily fluids..

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The history of antisemitism can be traced from ancient times to the present day..

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The program was first made public on December 16, 2017..

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During the United States' initial 1947 wave, over 800 sightings were reported in the news.

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Goyslop first drew mainstream notice in late 2024, amid American debate over ultra-processed food, and again in early 2026 after Republican gubernational candidate, James Fishback, used it publicly at campaign events..

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487 billion in damages from Jones to a first responder and families of victims; the plaintiffs alleged that Jones's lies led to them being threatened and harassed for years..

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The Pentagon UFO videos are selected visual recordings of forward-looking infrared (FLIR) targeting cameras from United States Navy fighter jets based aboard the aircraft carriers USS Nimitz and USS Theodore Roosevelt in 2004, 2014 and 2015, with additional footage taken by other Navy personnel in 2019..

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Governments can conduct black propaganda for various reasons..

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The 1980 October Surprise theory refers to the claim that members of Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign covertly negotiated with Iranian leaders to undermine incumbent U.

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Originally conceived as a conspiracy theory that the phenomenon is a coordinated effort to control the population and reduce genuine human interaction, the concept is also employed colloquially to describe the impacts of generative AI and emphasize only the core observations without speculating on the driving forces..

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users only, notes were popularized in March 2022 over misinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine followed by COVID-19 misinformation in October..

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The choices made by these algorithms are only sometimes transparent..

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Many of these same techniques can be classified as logical fallacies or abusive power and control tactics..

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Methods unique to the biodynamic approach include its treatment of animals, crops, and soil as a single system, an emphasis from its beginnings on local production and distribution systems, its use of traditional (and development of new) local breeds and varieties.

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There is no evidence supporting laboratory involvement, no indication that the virus existed in any lab prior to the pandemic, and no record of suspicious biosecurity incidents..

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As part of efforts by Donald Trump and his campaign in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, which led to Trump's first impeachment, these falsehoods were spread in an attempt to damage Joe Biden's reputation and chances during the 2020 presidential campaign, and later in an effort to impeach him..

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Some conspiracy theories contend that the collapse of the World Trade Center was caused not solely by the airliner crash damage that occurred as part of the September 11 attacks and the resulting fire damage but also by explosives installed in the buildings in advance.

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The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969..

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It was published without permission in 2017 as an unfinished 35-page compilation of "unverified, and potentially unverifiable" memos that were considered by Steele to be "raw intelligence – not established facts, but a starting point for further investigation"..

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It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites..

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Sovereign citizens believe that courts or law enforcements authorities have no jurisdiction over people and that certain procedures and loopholes can make one immune to government laws and regulations..

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In the early 1950s, Sanger persuaded philanthropists to provide funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the first birth control pill..

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France was the only country in the world to reinstate slavery in all its colonies eight years after voting for its abolition, also in all its colonies..

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In 2013 the Library of Congress announced the opening of the Seth MacFarlane Collection of the Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Archive which includes more than 1,500 boxes of donated material..

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The movement can be traced to American far-right groups such as the Posse Comitatus and the constitutionalist wing of the militia movement..

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The conspiracy theory first gained prominence in May 2021 when convenience store chain GS25 published an advertisement with a hand gesture, which faced accusations of allegedly disparaging penises and aggrandizing the defunct fringe group Megalia..

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Josef Allen Hynek (May 1, 1910 – April 27, 1986) was an American astronomer, professor, and ufologist.

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The United States has seen a unique evolution of far-right movements that emphasize nativism and radical opposition to an increasingly centralized federal government..

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Specializing in the history of "forgotten, discredited and extreme ideas", which she calls "crackpotology and kookology", she is better known for her books Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief (1994, featuring the first biography of Francis E..

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The theory was first widely disseminated in the 1990s by Russian chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov and later by mathematician Anatoly Fomenko..

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In 2018, US exports of coal, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products exceeded imports, achieving a degree of energy independence for the first time in decades.

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In 2023, Assange said that WikiLeaks was no longer able to publish due to his imprisonment and the effect that US government surveillance and WikiLeaks' funding restrictions were having on potential whistleblowers..

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The 1961 Barney and Betty Hill abduction claim was key to the dissemination of the concept of Grey aliens and their subsequent popularity in modern culture.

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claimed NASA faked the first landing in 1969 to win the Space Race..

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Despite its name, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police are no longer an actual mounted police service, and horses are used only at ceremonial events and certain other occasions..

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During the wave of decolonisation in the 1960s, Kenya gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1963, had Elizabeth II as its first head of state, and Jomo Kenyatta as its Prime Minister..

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It was first suggested to Donald Trump by Elon Musk in 2024, established by an executive order on January 20, 2025, and ceased operation on July 4, 2026, as scheduled..

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According to a 2018 report by the European Commission, disinformation attacks can pose threats to democratic governance, by diminishing the legitimacy of the integrity of electoral processes.

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Indigenous identity fraud is considered an extreme form of cultural misappropriation, especially if that individual then asserts that they can represent, and speak for, communities from which they do not originate.

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Some initiatives have also attempted to send messages to hypothetical alien civilizations, such as NASA's Golden Record..

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Arguments derived from pseudolaw have never been accepted in court and can be harmful to the people using them..

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Inoculating messages can raise and refute the same counterarguments in the "attack" (refutational same) or different counterarguments on the same or a related issue (refutational different)..

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Practitioners of crystal healing believe they can boost low energy, prevent bad energy, release blocked energy, and transform a body's aura..

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A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an external energy source.

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She has been criticised for promoting anti-vaccination views, unproven supplements, anti-5G claims, and dangerous COVID-19 health advice..

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Although false news has always been spread throughout history, the term fake news was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common..

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1968) is an American conspiracy theorist, who is one of the leading proponents of, and recruiters for, the discredited flat Earth conspiracy theory in the United States.

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The assassination left a profound impact and was the first of four major assassinations during the 1960s in the United States, coming two years before the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr..

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Historical negationism, also called historical denialism, is the falsification, trivialization, or distortion of the historical record..

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Reports of second sight are known only from anecdotes..

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Secrecy Studies work can be found in the pages of Secrecy & Society journal, established by Dr.

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A number of political commentators have characterized these various claims as a racist reaction to Obama's status as the first African-American president of the United States.

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Joseph Walther reintroduced the term into the field of interpersonal communication and media studies in 1992.

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Devised by Francine Shapiro in 1987, it involves talking about traumatic memories while engaging in side-to-side eye movements or other forms of bilateral stimulation.

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A 1994 article in the New York Times stated that: "Of the more than 12,000 documented accusations nationwide, investigating police were not able to substantiate any allegations of organized cult abuse"..

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Gold and Silver were first released on November 21, 1999, in Japan..

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The date of construction of the earliest Somnath temple remains uncertain, with estimates varying between the early centuries of the 1st millennium and about the 9th century CE.

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Suffrage is nearly universal for citizens 18 years of age and older, with the notable exception of registered felons in some states..

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It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the American monetary system.

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Since the early 1900s, it has been accepted by archaeologists and anthropologists that Polynesians (who became the Māori) were the first ethnic group to settle in New Zealand (first proposed by Captain James Cook)..

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Largely plagiarized from several earlier sources, it was first published in Imperial Russia in 1903 (circulating in pamphlets since 1902), translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century..

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Majestic 12, also known as Majic-12, and MJ-12 for short, is a purported organization that appeared in fake documents first circulated by ufologists in 1984, and that some UFO conspiracy theories still claim to have existed..

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CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules, not based only on individuals' prejudices..

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The incident prompted criticism of the Bogdanovs' approach to science popularization, led to a number of lawsuits, and provoked reflection among physicists as to how and why the peer review system can fail..

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This view can be traced back to the late 18th century, when critical study of the New Testament commenced; it was revived in the 1970s..

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Common examples include the claim that Muslims "play the victim" to manipulate public perception, or that Islam is uniquely responsible for terrorism while ignoring or downplaying violence committed by non-Muslims..

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Cognitive dissonance exists without outward sign, but surfaces through psychological stress when psychological discomfort is created due to persons participating in an action that creates conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, or when new information challenges existing beliefs..

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It was the UK's deadliest terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 near Lockerbie and the UK's first Islamist suicide attack..

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Most large Chinese cities have laboratories that study coronaviruses, and virus outbreaks are typically first noticed in large cities, so any outbreak in China is likely to occur near a laboratory studying coronaviruses..

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Though QAnon has its origins in older conspiracy theories, it was set in motion in October 2017 when Q first posted on the website 4chan..

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First posted on the German Usenet in 1994, the conspiracy has since been mentioned in the city's marketing, and alluded to in a speech by Chancellor Angela Merkel.

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The term generally has a negative connotation, as it can often be based in prejudice, emotional conviction, insufficient evidence or paranoia..

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Starting in November of that year, the US government engaged in a violent campaign of terrorism and sabotage in Cuba, referred to as the Cuban Project, which continued throughout the first half of the 1960s..

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Psychic surgery first appeared in the spiritualist communities of the Philippines and Brazil in the middle of the 20th century; it has taken different paths in those two countries..

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