społeczeństwo: Perpetual motion

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Perpetual motion is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system. A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an external energy source. This kind of machine is impossible, since its existence would violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics. These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system. Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources cannot operate indefinitely because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which will eventually be exhausted. A common example is devices powered by ocean currents, whose energy is ultimately derived from the Sun, which itself will…

Evidence: 60 • authority: 88

Gyroscopic Perpetual Motion Machine. The construction of a perpetual motion machine has remained an unfulfilled objective in the mechanical and physical sciences community. Despite numerous attempts over the centuries, none has achieved success. At present, such machines are considered impossible as they appear to contradict the principle of energy conservation, a fundamental pillar for modern physics. This paper presents a theoretical solution to this ancient problem, relying on a previously unknown exception to the principle of energy conservation: Specifically, energy is conservatively transferred from a primary to a secondary mechanical motion, while the primary motion appears to recove…

Evidence: 86 • authority: 72

The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process affecting a thermodynamic system without transfer of matter, the law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work. The law also defines the internal energy of a system, an extensive property for taking account of the balance of heat transfer, thermodynamic work, and matter transfer, into and out of the system. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. In an externally isolated system, with internal changes, the sum of all forms of energy is constant. A…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between them. They state empirical facts that form a basis of precluding the possibility of certain phenomena, such as perpetual motion. In addition to their use in thermodynamics, they are important fundamental laws of physics in general and are applicable in other natural sciences. Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three fundamental laws, s…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 88

The Water Issue as a 'Perpetual Motion Machine' of International Politics. The paper states the role and status of the water issue in international relations. Amid increasing resource scarcity access to water is considered to be one of the key issues of world politics embracing a wide range of actors involved.

Evidence: 43 • authority: 88

Proposing a Revised Definition of Perpetual Motion Machine. t was shown recently that the conclusion of the non-existence of perpetual motion machines (PMM) is based on a sound yet incomplete proof. The implication of this result is that whether or not we can construct a PMM is still unknown. This result directly challenges mainstream scientists long times belief: It is impossible to construct a PMM. Traditionally, mainstream scientists use laws of thermodynamics to conclude the non-existence of perpetual motion machines. We believe that mainstream scientists still pin their faith on their belief unless a workable PMM can be constructed. Conventional definition of PMM is very subjective. Un…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

Near-Horizon Carnot Engines Beyond Schwarzschild: Exploring Black Brane Thermodynamics.. Sadi Carnot's seminal work laid the foundation for exploring the effects of thermodynamics across diverse domains of physics, stretching from quantum to cosmological scales. Here, we build on the principles of the original Carnot heat engine, and apply it in the context of a particular toy model black brane. This theoretical construct of an effectively two-dimensional, stable, and stationary gravitational object in four-dimensional spacetime derives from a hypothetical flat planet collapsed under the influence of gravity. By constructing a thermodynamic cycle involving three such black branes, we explor…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

Universal Foundations of Thermodynamics: Entropy and Energy Beyond Equilibrium and Without Extensivity.. Thermodynamics is commonly presented as a theory of macroscopic systems in stable equilibrium, built upon assumptions of extensivity and scaling with system size. In this paper, we present a universal formulation of the elementary foundations of thermodynamics, in which entropy and energy are defined and employed beyond equilibrium and without assuming extensivity. The formulation applies to all systems-large and small, with many or few particles-and to all states, whether equilibrium or nonequilibrium, by relying on carefully stated operational definitions and existence principles rathe…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Therefore, even at absolute zero, atoms and molecules retain some vibrational motion. Apart from atoms and molecules, the empty space of a vacuum also has these properties. According to quantum field theory, the universe can be thought of not as isolated particles but continuous fluctuating fields: matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (in other words, leptons and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (such as photons and gluons).…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity that measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point at which particles have minimal thermal motion. Thermodynamic temperature is typically expressed using the Kelvin scale, on which the unit of measurement is the kelvin (unit symbol: K). This unit is the same interval as the degree Celsius, used on the Celsius scale but the scales are offset so that 0 K on the Kelvin scale corresponds to absolute zero. For comparison, a temperature of 295 K corresponds to 21.85 °C and 71.33 °F. Another absolute scale of temperature is the Rankine scale, which is based on the Fahrenheit degree interval. Histori…