geneza: Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories

Evidence: 27 • authority: 88

New insights into ancestry and health of Polynesians and New Zealand Māori. We are now moving towards the new era of personalised medicine. In prospect, a DNA-tailored healthcare system will utilise genomic information from patients and populations for the prevention and treatment of diseases. This near-future medicine recognises that there is already evidence of genetic disparity between people of different ethnicity. Our own previous genetic surveys of human genomes have demonstrated abundant genetic variation in New Zealanders. These now include extensive new work on immune system genes. We have produced a comprehensive reference set of genotypes for clinically relevant antigens in trans…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 72

The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large collection of peoples who speak Austronesian languages, having settled in Taiwan, maritime Southeast Asia, parts of mainland Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar. They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Hainan. The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia. The group originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration, known as the Austronesian expansion, from Taiwan, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reache…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 72

Polynesia (UK: POL-in-EE-zee-ə, US: -⁠EE-zhə) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of more than 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are called Polynesians. They have many things in common, including linguistic relations, cultural practices, and traditional beliefs. The term Polynésie was first used in 1756 by the French writer Charles de Brosses, who originally applied it to all the islands of the Pacific. In 1831, Jules Dumont d'Urville proposed a narrower definition during a lecture at the Société de Géographie of Paris. By tradition, the islands located in the southern Pacific have also often been c…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 80

5 Engaging with Māori and Archaeologists: Heritage Theory and Practice in Āotearoa New Zealand

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand. Māori are descended from East Polynesian settlers who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350. Over several centuries in isolation, these settlers developed a distinct culture, whose language, mythology, crafts, and performing arts evolved independently from those of other eastern Polynesian cultures. In the 15th century some of them moved to the Chatham Islands, where their descendants became New Zealand's other indigenous Polynesian ethnic group, the Moriori. Early contact between Māori and Europeans, starting in the 18th century, ranged from beneficial trade to lethal violen…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The history of the Māori people began with the arrival of Polynesian settlers in New Zealand in a series of ocean migrations in canoes, starting from the late 13th or early 14th centuries. In isolation, the Polynesian settlers developed a distinct Māori culture over time. Early Māori history is often divided into two periods: the Archaic period (c. 1300 – c. 1500) and the Classic period (c. 1500 – c. 1769). Archaeological sites such as Wairau Bar show evidence of early life in Polynesian settlements in New Zealand. Many crops the settlers brought from Polynesia did not grow well in the colder New Zealand climates. However, many native bird and marine species were hunted or collected for foo…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The second voyage of James Cook, from 1772 to 1775, commissioned by the British government with advice from the Royal Society, was designed to circumnavigate the globe as far south as possible to finally determine whether there was any great southern landmass, or Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south, and he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of mainland Australia, yet Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that this massive southern continent should exist. After a delay brought about by the b…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The human history of New Zealand can be dated back to between 1320 and 1350 CE, when the main settlement period started, after it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture. Like other Pacific cultures, Māori society was centred on kinship links and connection with the land but, unlike them, it was adapted to a cool, temperate environment rather than a warm, tropical one. The first European explorer known to have visited New Zealand was the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman, on 13 December 1642. In 1643 he charted the west coast of the North Island, his expedition then sailed back to Batavia without setting foot on New Zealand soil. British explorer James Co…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Polynesian navigation or Polynesian wayfinding was used for thousands of years to enable long voyages across thousands of kilometres of the open Pacific Ocean. Polynesians made contact with nearly every island within the vast Polynesian Triangle, using outrigger canoes or double-hulled canoes. The double-hulled canoes were two large hulls, equal in length, and lashed side by side. The space between the paralleled canoes allowed for storage of food, hunting materials, and nets when embarking on long voyages. Polynesian navigators used wayfinding techniques such as the navigation by the stars, and observations of birds, ocean swells, and wind patterns, and relied on a large body of knowledge…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Ngāti Hotu in Paradise: How Contemporary Hotu in Aotearoa New Zealand Defend their White Pre-Polynesian Settlement Theory. Abstract A group of perhaps 2,000 Māori, whose main representative is Monica Matāmua, claim that they are not Māori or Polynesian but descendants of a White race they call the Hotu. They claim that they were the first to settle in Aotearoa New Zealand, more than a thousand years before Māori, so that they are the true Indigenous inhabitants of the land. Further, they hold to a conspiracy theory that claims evidence for White Hotu has been covered up by Māori and elites. This article examines the epistemic modes by which modern Hotu defend their contentions. A key founda…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

The Colonial Elephant in the Room: Michael Parekōwhai’s The Lighthouse and Captain James Cook. Imperial rule has long been supported by the establishment of monuments. However, in our current climate of tumultuous politics and failing social systems, these monuments occupy increasingly shaky ground. Given a growing crusade against monumental statues the public silence on Michael Parekōwhai’s statue of Captain James Cook in The Lighthouse (Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand, 2017) is deafening. In Aotearoa New Zealand, Captain James Cook is a familiar, albeit divisive, figure. To some, Cook is known as a British navigator, explorer, and cartographer; a founder of nations, friend…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Immigrant and locally bom Pacific Island Polynesians: Two populations?. At a huihuinga organised during the Conference on Pacific Studies at the University of Auckland in August 1985, there was a spirited exchange of views among participants on residence of Pacific Island Polynesians in New Zealand. As part of a wider critique of Pakeha cultural hegemony and superiority several Maori speakers stressed that Pacific Island Polynesians were manuhiri (visitors) in New Zealand and, like most of the people of European descent, they had “overstayed their permits” in the eyes of the tangata whenua . In responding to these claims, speakers from Samoa and Fiji sought to dispell a myth, still widely h…