kosmos: Apollo program

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969. The Apollo program was conceived in 1960 in the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency during Project Mercury and executed after Project Gemini. The Apollo program was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in his address to the U.S. Congress on May 25, 1961. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission, when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and…

Evidence: 81 • authority: 72

The Apollo program was a United States human spaceflight program carried out from 1961 to 1972 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which landed the first astronauts on the Moon. The program used the Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles to lift the Command/Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) spacecraft into space, and the Little Joe II rocket to test a launch escape system which was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure. Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of th…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 72

Apollo 10 (May 18–26, 1969) was the fourth human spaceflight in the United States' Apollo program and the second to orbit the Moon. NASA, the mission's operator, described it as a "dress rehearsal" for the first Moon landing (Apollo 11, two months later). It was designated an "F" mission, intended to test all spacecraft components and procedures short of actual descent and landing. After the spacecraft reached lunar orbit, astronaut John Young remained in the Command and Service Module (CSM) while astronauts Thomas Stafford and Gene Cernan flew the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) to within 14.4 kilometers (7.8 nautical miles; 9 miles) of the lunar surface, the point at which powered descent for la…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 72

Apollo 9 (March 3–13, 1969) was the third human spaceflight in NASA's Apollo program, which successfully tested systems and procedures critical to landing on the Moon. The three-man crew consisted of Commander James McDivitt, Command Module Pilot David Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart. Flown in low Earth orbit, it was the second crewed Apollo mission that the United States launched via a Saturn V rocket, and was the first flight of the full Apollo spacecraft: the command and service module (CSM) with the Lunar Module (LM). The mission was flown to qualify the LM for lunar orbit operations in preparation for the first Moon landing by demonstrating its descent and ascent propul…

Evidence: 64 • authority: 72

A Moon landing (also known as a lunar landing) is the arrival of a crewed or robotic lander on the Moon. The first human-made object to touch the Moon was Luna 2 in 1959, and the first crewed mission to land on the Moon was Apollo 11 in 1969. There were six crewed landings between 1969 and 1972 and numerous uncrewed landings. All crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the Apollo program, with the last departing in December 1972. After Luna 24 in 1976, there were no soft landings—landings without significant damage—on the Moon until Chang'e 3 in 2013. All soft landings took place on the near side of the Moon until Chang'e 4 landed on the far side of the Moon in 2019.

Evidence: 57 • authority: 72

Twenty-eight people have traveled to or around the Moon, including 12 who landed and walked on the surface, 10 who orbited without landing, and seven who flew by the Moon without orbiting or landing. These 28 are the only astronauts to have traveled beyond low Earth orbit. Between December 1968 and December 1972, the NASA Apollo program sent 24 astronauts on nine crewed lunar missions. Six of the missions landed two astronauts each on the lunar surface, while Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 orbited without landing. Apollo 13's planned lunar landing was aborted due to an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; instead, the crew looped around the Moon 158 miles above its surface without entering o…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Lunar base agent-based modeling - A benchmark for simulating crewed space missions.. Space exploration has progressed significantly since the mid-20th century, and recent technological advancements, along with the emergence of commercial space travel, have led to substantial leaps in planning for future space missions. The largest planned upcoming mission is the Artemis program, supported by NASA and the international Artemis Accords, which aims to create the first permanent human presence on the Moon and in deep space (the Moon to Mars architecture). Although human psychology and team science have been crucial for the success of past space missions, from the Apollo program and Skylab to th…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 92

Cardiovascular risks and hazards associated with deep space exploration.. Space flight exposes astronauts to a unique environment characterized by microgravity, ionizing radiation, and other stressors that can profoundly affect the human body. Deep-space exploration-type missions to the Moon (NASA's Artemis and Gateway programs), Mars, and beyond will introduce prolonged exposure to health hazards, including but not limited to isolation and confinement, sleep disruption, and exposure to different types and quantities of particle radiation (i.e., high-energy and atomic number - HZE). There are also logistical implications of traveling farther from low Earth orbit (LEO), including limited acc…

Evidence: 26 • authority: 88

Journey to Space. Distributed by Choices, Inc., 3740 Overland Ave., Ste. F, Los Angeles CA 90034; (310) 839-1500Producer n/aDirector n/a2010, DVD, color and b&w; This DVD contains two separate documentaries, both of which appear to have been produced in the 1980s: Moon Landing: Apollo 11 and NASA: The First 25 Years. Each documentary is distinct from the other. The Apollo 11 mission saw the first man step foot on a foreign planetary body, and this documentary records the various steps, stages, and challenges that took place from President Kennedy's 1961 speech to send a man to the moon before 1970 to the actual event. A second documentary examines the history of the National Aeronautics and…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Moon Landing Hoax Apollo 16 : Walt Disney Bullshit as Reported by NASA Employees

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Moon Landing Hoax Apollo : NASA Comedy Acting Walt Disney Bullshit For All Mankind

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Moon Landing Hoax Apollo : Disney/NASA- Welcome To The Wonderful Off-World of Disney/NASA