starożytność: Human zoo

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Human zoos, also known as ethnological expositions, was a practice of publicly displaying people. In some cases these displays were voluntary on the part of people who willingly agreed, while in other cases the people were displayed without their consent. Such practices have been found in cultures worldwide, dating back to at least the 1500s. The practice was popular in the 1900s and early 20th Century. In many of these cases, those displayed were typically of indigenous people, and the exhibits were often linked to colonialism and imperialism. These displays often emphasized the supposed inferiority of the exhibits' culture, and implied the superiority of Western civilization, Imperial Jap…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

An autopsy (also referred to as post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death; or the exam may be performed to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes. The term necropsy is generally used for non-human animals. Autopsies are usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist. Only a small portion of deaths require an autopsy to be performed, under certain circumstances. In most cases, a medical examiner or coroner can determine the cause of death. Autopsies may be…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Personhood is the status of having outstanding moral worth. Yet the specific criteria that qualify someone as a person are controversial. In the West, personhood tends to be defined in terms of "sophisticated cognitive capacities;" yet, in other societies, such as sub-Saharan Africa, personhood is more often understood as a relational process. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law and is closely tied with legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty. According to law, only a legal person (either a natural or a juridical person) has rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and legal liability. Personhood continues to be a topic of…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Privacy (UK: , US: ) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security, which can include the concepts of appropriate use and protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of bodily integrity. Throughout history, there have been various conceptions of privacy. Most cultures acknowledge the right of individuals to keep aspects of their personal lives out of the public domain. The right to be free from unauthorized invasions of privacy by governments, corporations, or individuals is enshrined in the privacy laws of many countries and, in…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Who Observes Whom in the Human Zoo?. Persistent interaction with large language models (LLMs) is transforming artificial intelligence from an episodic tool into a component of distributed cognitive environments. This conceptual paper introduces the metaphor of the human zoo to describe an ecology in which humans and models increasingly observe, classify, and adapt to one another. The metaphor does not designate a population viewed from outside; it names an environment inhabited by users, researchers, developers, and artificial interlocutors alike. We argue that repeated interaction produces asymmetric cognitive co-adaptation: users modify their language, prompting practices, expectations, a…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Protecting young people from sex without consent

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Constitutional Legitimacy without Consent: Protecting the Rights Retained by the People. This chapter examines what it takes to achieve constitutional legitimacy in the absence of consent by focusing on the effort of those who drafted and adopted the Constitution to constrain the fiction of popular sovereignty they themselves accepted. The fiction of popular sovereignty originated as an antidote to the fiction of the divine right of the king. If the king obtained his authority from God, the Commons gained its authority from the people. Despite their rhetorical commitment to “popular sovereignty,” by the time the Constitution was written, its framers were convinced that pure majority rule or…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Sámi (US: SAH-mee, UK: also SAM-ee; also spelled Sami or Saami) are the traditionally Sámi-speaking indigenous people inhabiting the region of Sápmi. Formerly known as Lapland, Sápmi encompasses large northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Finland, and of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Historically, the Sámi have been known in English as Lapps or Laplanders; however, these terms are exonyms, regarded as offensive by some Sámi, who prefer their own endonym. Their traditional languages are the Sámi languages, which are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. Traditionally, the Sámi have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and sheep herdin…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal neglect or animal cruelty, is the infliction of suffering or harm by humans upon animals, either by omission (neglect) or by commission. More narrowly, it can be the causing of harm or suffering for specific achievements, such as the inhumane killing of animals for food or the killing of animals for entertainment; cruelty to animals is sometimes due to a mental disorder, referred to as zoosadism. Divergent approaches to laws concerning animal cruelty occur in different jurisdictions throughout the world. For example, some laws govern methods of killing animals for food, clothing, or other products, and other laws concern the keeping of an…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Perceptions of Elephants' Labor and Autonomy in Zoos.. Many modern zoos maintain charismatic megafauna, such as elephants, as their iconic residents, as these animals have been shown to hold the zoogoers' gaze more adeptly than demurer animals. This study sought to determine zoo supporters' perceptions of elephants' emotions and welfare under conditions in which elephants receive rewards and demonstrate behaviors within elephant-caregiver interactions in a zoo to generate key themes associated with those perceptions and to compare those perceptions to zoo professionals' through the lens of The Five Domains animal welfare assessment model. This qualitative study employed multiple methodologi…