optyka: 2011 in science

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Xenotransplantation (xenos- from the Greek meaning "foreign" or strange), or heterologous transplant, is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from other individual of same species), syngeneic transplantation or isotransplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species), and autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person). Xenotransplantation is an artificial method of creating an animal-human chimera, that is, a human with a subset of animal cells. In con…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

This list of notable organ transplant donors and recipients includes people who were the first to undergo certain organ transplant procedures, or who made significant contributions to their chosen field, and who have either donated or received an organ transplant at some point in their lives, as confirmed by public information. The list in this article can give the impression that disease can only be solved in ~35 (see list below) of the ~90 organs in the human body (see List of organs of the human body). Thinking of whole organ transplant as the only commonly used method of transplantation against disease is incorrect, as often only a part of the organ (tissue) is transplanted. A few examp…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The China Manned Space Program (CMS; Chinese: 中国载人航天工程; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zàirén Hángtiān Gōngchéng), also known as Project 921 (Chinese: 九二一工程; pinyin: Jiǔèryī Gōngchéng) is a space program developed by the People's Republic of China and run by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission, designed to develop and enhance human spaceflight capabilities for China. As of 2026, China has conducted 16 crewed spaceflight launches, all using the Shenzhou spacecraft atop the Long March 2F rocket, the most recent being Shenzhou 23. Approved on 21 September 1992, Wang Yongzhi served as its first chief designer until 2006. The curre…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

China has one of the most active space programs in the world. With launch vehicles of the Long March rocket family and four spaceports (Jiuquan, Taiyuan, Xichang, Wenchang), China conducts the most or second most orbital launches each year, and is one of three countries with a human spaceflight capability. China's fleet of over 1,300 Earth orbit satellites serves communication, navigation, reconnaissance and scientific research. China Manned Space Program operates Tiangong, one of two active space stations alongside the International Space Station (ISS). Most space operations are conducted by civilian China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the military People's Liberation Army Aeros…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Wenchang Space Launch Site (Chinese: 文昌航天发射场) is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China. Formally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. Unlike launch facilities on the mainland, Wenchang uses its seaport for deliveries. It is the only launch site of the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket, which launched all three modules of the Tiangong space station. It is also the only launch site of the Long March 7, carrying the Tianzhou cargo craft to resupply the station. The site is expected to beco…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Tiangong space station (Chinese: 天宫; pinyin: Tiāngōng; lit. 'Heavenly Palace'), officially the China Space Station (CSS) in English, is China's first permanently crewed space station, in low Earth orbit since 2021. Operated by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), it is China's third space station, under the Tiangong subprogram of the China Manned Space Program. A space laboratory, it hosts experiments on bioastronautics, microgravity, materials science and space technology. Crews of three travel aboard the Shenzhou spacecraft for missions of about six months, with temporary crew sizes of six during handovers. Cargo missions use the Tianzhou spacecraft. It is one of two operational spac…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

China to launch prototype space station next week

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Conceptual metaphors and image construction of China in the space probe reports of <i>China Daily</i>: a social cognitive approach.. The success of Shenzhou XIII and Chang'e-5 mission became a milestone in China's aerospace history and represented China's latest attempt to contribute to international space industry, which greatly promoted the China's national image. However, rare studies have examined the image construction in aerospace field. Thus, this study takes conceptual metaphors as the guiding theory and studies conceptual metaphors in China Daily news release on Chang'e-5 and Shenzhou XIII from 2008 to 2021. It focuses on the types of metaphors used, the semantic features of the me…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Analysis of the development trend of Chinese seafood imports from Southeast Asia after the Fukushima-Daiichi radioactive treated water discharge from Japan.. Japan's decision to discharge the Fukushima-Daiichi radioactive treated water into the Pacific Ocean has drawn widespread international concern regarding radioactive contamination of seafood and its impact on the marine ecosystem and human health. China's seafood import trade is confronted with a potentially significant threat. In the favorable circumstances created by China's suspension of seafood imports from Japan, This article analyzes the impact of Japan's radioactive treated water discharge on seafood safety and human health, as…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Aerospace medicine in China: advancements and perspectives.. With the rapid growth of China's space industry, long-term manned space missions face challenges from the complex space environment, posing risks to human health. Aerospace medicine, a key field, addresses these risks by researching the impacts of space on biochemical changes, cognitive abilities, and immune systems. This article reviews China's aerospace medicine research, summarizing efforts from various institutions and offering insights for future developments in the field.. Authors: Wang A, Yang J, Tang S, Cui Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Li X, Zhao Y, Wang G, Du J, Du J.. Journal: NPJ microgravity. Year: 2024

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Herpes zoster frequency and severity in immunocompromised pediatric populations: a structured narrative review.. Background While herpes zoster (HZ) is known to disproportionately affect people with immunocompromising (IC) conditions, reviews of the frequency and severity of HZ in these conditions have so far been limited to adults. Methods For this narrative review, we conducted a literature search to identify studies describing HZ frequency in pediatric cohorts with IC conditions including hematopoietic cell transplant, cancer, solid organ transplant, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or autoimmune disease commonly treated with immunosuppressants. We also extracted information on HZ com…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Cytomegalovirus Vaccines in Transplantation: History, Hurdles, and Hope.. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains one of the most common and consequential pathogens in solid organ transplant (SOT) and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) despite current prevention strategies. Even a partially effective CMV vaccine could reduce morbidity and mortality associated with CMV in SOT recipients (SOTr) and HCT recipients (HCTr), as well as decrease costs, toxicities, and the risk of antiviral resistance. Despite progress since the first CMV vaccine (Towne) was developed in the 1970s, no CMV vaccine has achieved regulatory approval. Differences in CMV epidemiology, host risk factors, and immune reco…