codzienność: Pharmacist

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A pharmacist, also known as a chemist in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada), is a healthcare professional who is knowledgeable about preparation, mechanism of action, clinical usage and legislation of medications in order to dispense them safely to the public and to provide consultancy services. A pharmacist also often serves as a primary care provider in the community and offers services, such as health screenings and immunizations. Pharmacists undergo university or graduate-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. In developing countries, a diploma…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol (acetaminophen) as codeine/paracetamol or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Evidence does not support its use for acute cough suppression in children. In Europe, it is not recommended as a cough medicine for those under 12 years of age. It is generally taken orally. It usually starts working after half an hour, with maxim…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Boots UK Limited (formerly Boots the Chemists Limited) is a British health and beauty retailer and pharmacy chain that operates in the United Kingdom. The former parent company, The Boots Company plc, merged with Alliance UniChem in 2006 to form Alliance Boots. In 2007, Alliance Boots was bought by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Stefano Pessina, taking the company private, and moving its headquarters to Switzerland, making it the first-ever FTSE 100 company to be bought by a private equity firm. In 2012, Walgreens acquired a 45% stake in Alliance Boots, with the option to purchase the remaining shares within three years. It exercised this option in 2014, resulting in Boots becoming a subsidiar…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Building an Ethical Framework for European Pharmacists in e-Pharmacies.. Patients using e-pharmacies benefit substantially from their privacy and accessibility; however, they must also be aware of the health and safety risks. These risks can be mitigated through the implementation of robust legal and ethical frameworks. European pharmacists working in e-pharmacies are obligated to respect the legal frameworks governing the remote sale of medicines, as well as the rules of professional ethics, while considering the unique benefits and challenges of establishing online therapeutic relationships with patients. This Viewpoint paper aims to propose a comprehensive ethical framework for European…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Understanding Gaps in Pharmacist-Patient Role Perceptions: Implications for Collaborative Care.. Background Pharmacists increasingly play clinical roles, yet patients often continue to view them primarily as dispensers. Misalignment in role expectations may undermine communication and the effective use of pharmacy services. Aim This study aimed to examine the extent to which pharmacists and patients in Jordan share similar perceptions of their respective roles in the pharmacist-patient relationship. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 2024 to May 2025 with 403 pharmacists and 806 patients recruited from community pharmacies across Jordan. Participants completed paral…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Community pharmacy transformation under universal health coverage: Implementation barriers, cultural determinants, and cross-national lessons from Japan's ongoing transition - A narrative review.. Background Community pharmacies worldwide are shifting from product-centered dispensing toward patient-centered clinical services. Japan achieved a prescribing-dispensing separation rate exceeding 80%, yet faces persistent challenges in delivering patient-centered services. This review examines why Japan's transformation has progressed slowly despite favorable structural conditions, and what lessons it offers other universal health coverage (UHC) systems. Methods We conducted a narrative review us…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Metformin, sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the main first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in the treatment of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, and is sometimes used as an off-label adjunct to lessen the risk of metabolic syndrome in people who take antipsychotic medication. It has been shown to inhibit inflammation, and is not associated with weight gain. Metformin is taken by mouth. Metformin is generally well tolerated. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. It has a small risk of causing low blood sugar. High blood lactic acid level (acidosis) is…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

There is an ongoing opioid epidemic (also known as the opioid crisis) in the United States, originating out of both medical prescriptions and illegal sources. It has been described by doctors and researchers as "one of the most devastating public health catastrophes of our time". The opioid epidemic unfolded in three waves. The first wave of the epidemic in the United States began in the late 1990s, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), when opioids were increasingly prescribed for pain management, resulting in a rise in overall opioid use throughout subsequent years. The second wave was from an expansion in the heroin market to supply already addicted people. T…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Electronic prescription (e-prescribing or e-Rx) is the computer-based electronic generation, transmission, and filling of a medical prescription, taking the place of paper and faxed prescriptions. E-prescribing allows a physician, physician assistant, pharmacist, or nurse practitioner to use digital prescription software to electronically transmit a new prescription or renewal authorization to a community or mail-order pharmacy. It outlines the ability to send error-free, accurate, and understandable prescriptions electronically from the healthcare provider to the pharmacy. E-prescribing is meant to reduce the risks associated with traditional prescription script writing. It is also one of…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In the field of pharmacy, compounding (performed in a compounding pharmacy) is preparation of custom medications to fit unique prescriptions that cannot be met with mass-produced formulations. This may be done, for example, to provide medication in a form easier for a given person to ingest (e.g., liquid vs. tablet), to avoid a non-active ingredient, or to provide a particular dose tailored to a given person, referred to as "traditional" compounding. Compounding preparations of a given formulation in advance batches, as opposed to preparation for a specific person on demand, is known as "non-traditional" or "officinal" compounding, and is akin to small-scale manufacturing. Jurisdictions hav…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A teaching hospital or university hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools. Teaching hospitals use a residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists, dentists, and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD, DO, DPM, DDS, DMD, PharmD, BDS, BDent, MBBS, MBChB, or BMed. Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such a…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A pharmacy technician (PhT) is an entry level healthcare professional which performs pharmacy-related functions including but not limited to filling medications for a prescription, while they cannot perform the act of dispensing medication and patient counseling, which is solely the duty of the Pharmacist. Training, certification, licensing, and actual practice of pharmacy technicians varies not only worldwide but in some states as well as by employer. For instance, the registration of pharmacy technicians is required by State Board of Pharmacy, while some require the passing of the PTCE and becoming a licensed or "Certified Pharmacy Technician" (CPhT).