technologia: Loudspeaker

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A loudspeaker (commonly referred to as a speaker or, more fully, a speaker system) is a combination of one or more speaker drivers, an enclosure, and electrical connections (possibly including a crossover network). The speaker driver is an electroacoustic transducer that converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The driver is a linear motor connected to a diaphragm, which transmits the motor's movement to produce sound by moving air. An audio signal, typically originating from a microphone, recording, or radio broadcast, is electronically amplified to a power level sufficient to drive the motor, reproducing the sound corresponding to the original unamplified signal. Th…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 72

A sound reinforcement system is the combination of microphones, signal processors, amplifiers, and loudspeakers in enclosures all controlled by a mixing console that makes live or pre-recorded sounds louder and may also distribute those sounds to a larger or more distant audience. In many situations, a sound reinforcement system is also used to enhance or alter the sound of the sources on the stage, typically by using electronic effects, such as reverb, as opposed to simply amplifying the sources unaltered. A sound reinforcement system for a rock concert in a stadium may be very complex, including hundreds of microphones, complex live sound mixing and signal processing systems, tens of thou…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Equalization, or simply EQ, in sound recording and reproduction is the process of adjusting the volume of different frequency bands within an audio signal. The circuit or equipment used to achieve this is called an equalizer. Most hi-fi equipment uses relatively simple filters to make bass and treble adjustments. Graphic and parametric equalizers have much more flexibility in tailoring the frequency content of an audio signal. Broadcast and recording studios use sophisticated equalizers capable of much more detailed adjustments, such as eliminating unwanted sounds or making certain instruments or voices more prominent. Because of this ability, they can be aptly described as "frequency-speci…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Digital audio is a representation of sound recorded in, or converted into, digital form. In digital audio, the sound wave of the audio signal is typically encoded as numerical samples in a continuous sequence. For example, in CD audio, samples are taken 44,100 times per second, each with 16-bit resolution. Digital audio is also the name for the entire technology of sound recording and reproduction using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s and 1980s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of audio engineering, record production and telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s. In a…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 72

An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude (magnitude of the voltage or current) of a signal applied to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output. The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its gain: the ratio of output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is defined as a circuit that has a power gain greater than one. An amplifier can be either a separate piece of equipment or an electric…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

Enhancing Externalization of Frontal Virtual Sound Sources in Binaural Synthesis via Level and Reflection Adjustment of Non-individualized BRIRs.. This study addresses the common issue of low externalization in binaural synthesis when listening to virtual sound sources through wearable devices. The improvement of externalization of frontal sound sources (0°-30° azimuth), which are perceived as being closer to the listener, was investigated. A consistent pattern across different rooms was identified using a single-speaker non-individualized binaural room impulse response (NI-BRIR). The binaural level decreases regularly with increasing azimuth up to 45°(front right) but levels off beyond thi…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

A loudspeaker enclosure or loudspeaker cabinet is an enclosure (often rectangular box-shaped) in which speaker drivers (e.g., woofers and tweeters) and associated electronic hardware, such as crossover circuits and, in some cases, power amplifiers, are mounted. Enclosures may range in design from simple, homemade DIY rectangular particleboard boxes to very complex, expensive computer-designed hi-fi cabinets that incorporate composite materials, internal baffles, horns, bass reflex ports and acoustic insulation. Loudspeaker enclosures range in size from small "bookshelf" speaker cabinets with 4-inch (10 cm) woofers and small tweeters designed for listening to music with a hi-fi system in a p…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Audio crossovers are a type of electronic filter circuitry that splits an audio signal into two or more frequency ranges, so that the signals can be sent to loudspeaker drivers that are designed to operate within different frequency ranges. The crossover filters can be either active or passive. They are often described as two-way or three-way, which indicate, respectively, that the crossover splits a given signal into two frequency ranges or three frequency ranges. Crossovers are used in loudspeaker cabinets, power amplifiers in consumer electronics (such as Hi-Fi, home cinema sound and car audio), and pro audio and musical instrument amplifier products. For the latter two markets, crossove…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Level-dependent IMD cancellation for single-transducer DPOAE measurement using a lookup-table method.. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are weak cochlear tones ( f 3 = 2 f 1 - f 2 ) evoked by two primary tones ( f 1 , f 2 ) and used clinically to assess cochlear function. In practice, f 1 and f 2 are typically presented using two independent sound sources. This is because using one transducer to output both tones can generate intermodulation distortion (IMD) at the same frequency ( f 3 ) as the DPOAE due to transducer nonlinearity, which makes it difficult to distinguish measurement artifacts from biological emissions. As a result, DPOAE measurement is difficult with conven…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

A Novel Two-Dimensional Hydrophone Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings.. This paper presents a high-sensitivity two-dimensional fiber-optic hydrophone designed for the detection and localization of underwater acoustic sources. The device comprises two sensing heads, each incorporating a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) embedded within a customized 3D-printed encapsulation. To enhance acoustic sensitivity, the design utilizes a silicone thin-film coupled with a pyramidal channel that spatially concentrates acoustic energy from the base to the apex, where the FBG is positioned. Incident acoustic pressure induces vibrations in the film, which are amplified by the channel structure, imparting strain on the…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Instrumentation: Fundamental Concepts and Pitfalls.. The electrodiagnostic instrument is foundational to the acquisition of electrophysiologic data and its subsequent interpretation and diagnostic implications. The initiation of data acquisition occurs at the three recording electrodes which consist of: E-1 (the noninverting amplifier port), E-2 (the inverting amplifier port), and E-0 (the so-called ground electrode). All three electrodes are essential in forming the recording montage. They must have similar, high-quality impedance and be properly connected to the amplifier. Their recording surfaces and the tissues from which they record must have low impedance and be properly prepared and…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

A horn loudspeaker is a loudspeaker or loudspeaker element which uses an acoustic horn to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element(s). A common form (right) consists of a compression driver which produces sound waves with a small metal diaphragm vibrated by an electromagnet, attached to a horn, a flaring duct to conduct the sound waves to the open air. Another type is a woofer driver mounted in a loudspeaker enclosure which is divided by internal partitions to form a zigzag flaring duct which functions as a horn; this type is called a folded horn speaker. The horn serves to improve the coupling efficiency between the speaker driver and the air. The horn can be thought of as an…