energia: Common cause and special cause (statistics)

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming. Briefly, "common causes", also called natural patterns, are the usual, historical, quantifiable variation in a system, while "special causes" are unusual, not previously observed, non-quantifiable variation. The distinction is fundamental in philosophy of statistics and philosophy of probability, with different treatment of these issues being a classic issue of probability interpretations, being recognised and discussed as early as 1703 by Gottfried Leibniz; various alternative names have been used over the years. T…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Distinguishing between common cause variation and special cause variation in a manufacturing system: A simulation of decision making for different types of variation

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and ethnomusicologist. He was a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the movements known as historical particularism and cultural relativism. Studying in Germany, Boas was awarded a doctorate in 1881 in physics while also studying geography. He then participated in a geographical expedition to northern Canada, where he became fascinated with the culture and language of the Baffin Island Inuit. He went on to do field work with the indigenous cultures and languages of the Pacific Northwest. In 1887 he emigrated to the United St…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Reliability engineering is a sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes the ability of equipment to function without failure. Reliability is defined as the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its intended function adequately for a specified period of time; or will operate in a defined environment without failure. Reliability is closely related to availability, which is typically described as the ability of a component or system to function at a specified moment or interval of time. The reliability function is theoretically defined as the probability of success. In practice, it is calculated using different techniques, and its value ranges between 0 and 1,…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Can we breed hail-resilient wheat? Insights from a hail affected breeding trial.. Hail-induced yield loss threatens wheat-based food security across the globe, yet hail damage has largely remained unexplored as a quantifiable breeding phenotype. The present investigation provides insight from the variation observed in winter wheat breeding lines after a significant hail event in 2024. This investigation demonstrates that hail-induced mechanical damage and associated grain yield loss retain substantial heritable components with high entry-level (grain yield: 74.65%; hail damage score: 61.52%) and moderate plot-level heritability (grain yield: 59.30%; hail damage score: 43.49%). Grain yield e…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Integrated Phytochemical, Anthocyanin, Organic Acid and Colour Profiling of Plant-Derived Syrups as Potential Natural Food Ingredients.. Plant-derived syrups are traditional sugar-rich products that may serve as potential natural food ingredients, but their quality-related characteristics depend on raw material composition, acidity, phenolic constituents, pigments and colour attributes. This study characterised 15 plant-derived syrup products prepared from botanical and fungal raw materials collected in Latvia during the 2025 vegetation season. The syrups were analysed for pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthoc…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Racial and ethnic disparities in the cause of death for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.. The trends and contributors of racial and ethnic disparities in causes of death among patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma remain unclear. We analyse SEER data (2000-2019) and find that Black patients have the highest 5-year cumulative incidence of death (22.4% vs. 21.7% in whites). Despite a decreasing trend in mortality, the disparities persist between Black and white people (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.09-1.22) and between AIAN and white people (1.25, 1.10-1.43). Disparities in death from cardiovascular disease between Black and white people increase over time. Stage at diagnosis, receipt of surgery,…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Perinatal Depression and Infant Mortality.. Importance Perinatal depression is the most common maternal morbidity, but few US studies have examined whether perinatal depression is associated with infant mortality. Objectives To examine the association between maternal depressive symptoms and infant mortality, assess heterogeneity by maternal and infant demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and risk factors, and explore heterogeneity across leading causes of infant mortality. Design, setting, and participants This population-based retrospective cohort study used birth records from 2016 to 2020 linked to death records from 2016 to 2021 in New Jersey, which mandates screening for depre…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Common Causes and Special Causes of Improvement. Stable System

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A meme ( ; MEEM) is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads by means of imitation (mimesis) from person to person within a culture and often carries symbolic meaning representing a particular phenomenon or theme. A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices, that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures. In popular language, a meme may refer to an Internet meme, typically an image, that is remixed, copied, and circulated in a…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) is an examination of a genome-wide set of quantifiable epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, in different individuals to derive associations between epigenetic variation and a particular identifiable phenotype/trait. When patterns change such as DNA methylation at specific loci, discriminating the phenotypically affected cases from control individuals, this is considered an indication that epigenetic perturbation has taken place that is associated, causally or consequentially, with the phenotype.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or subject (i.e., a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (i.e., an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. The cause of something may also be described as the reason behind the event or process. In general, a process can have multiple causes, which are also said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future. Thus, the distinction between cause and effect either follows from or else prov…