geografia: German language

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

German (Deutsch, pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. It is also an official language of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol, French autonomous region of Alsace and as well as a recognised national language in Namibia. There are also notable German-speaking communities in other parts of Europe, including: Poland (Upper Silesia), the Czech Republic (North Bohemia), Denmark (North Schleswig), Slovakia (Krahule), Romania and Hungary (Sopron). Overseas, siz…

Evidence: 74 • authority: 72

English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named after the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Britain after the end of Roman rule. English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influence of the British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the rise of the United States. It is the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second‑language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third‑most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. English is eithe…

Evidence: 66 • authority: 92

Cue-weighting in processing of prosodic boundaries in Dutch: An event-related potential (ERP) study.. Across languages, major prosodic boundaries, such as intonational phrase (henceforth, IP) boundaries, are typically signalled via three types of prosodic cues, namely pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. However, the relative weight of each cue in the perception of IP boundaries differs across languages. Little is known about which cues are important in Dutch. This study investigates cue-weighting during processing of IP boundaries in Dutch by examining the effects of varying combinations of cues on the neurophysiological correlate of boundary processing, i.e., the Closure Positive S…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 88

Constraining second language word order optionality: scrambling in advanced English-German and Japanese-German interlanguage. This study documents knowledge of UG-mediated aspects of optionality in word order in the second language (L2) German of advanced English and Japanese speakers ( n = 39). A bimodal grammaticality judgement task, which controlled for context and intonation, was administered to probe judgements on a set of scrambling, topicalization and remnant movement constructions. Given first language (L1) differences and Poverty of the Stimulus, English and Japanese learners face distinct learnability challenges. Assuming Minimalist grammatical architecture (Chomsky, 1995), conver…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 88

Grammatical preferences in aspect marking in first language and second language: The case of first language Dutch, English, and German and first language Dutch second language English, and first language Dutch second language German. ABSTRACT Production studies on event conceptualization have shown that the language inventory has a clear influence on event descriptions in different languages (e.g., Carroll & von Stutterheim, 2010). In our perception study with native speakers of German, English, and Dutch and Dutch learners of German and English, we were able to show that in addition to preferred verbalization patterns, there are other verbalization patterns that are rated as equally likely…

Evidence: 58 • authority: 72

Hebrew is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and remained in regular use as a first language until after 200 CE and as the liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. The language was revived as a spoken language in the 19th century, and is the only successful large-scale example of linguistic revival. It is the only Canaanite language still spoken today. It is also one of the only two Northwest Semitic languages with contemporary speakers, the other being Aramaic. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date to the 10th centur…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 80

The role of second language English in the process of learning third language German

Evidence: 50 • authority: 80

German as First Language and Minority Second Language in Denmark 195

Evidence: 50 • authority: 92

One test, many tongues: Surveying language proficiency across the globe.. Language influences our thinking and affects many aspects of cognition, from how we perceive the world to how we interact socially. Thus, objectively characterizing linguistic background is crucial for research in many areas, including second language acquisition, psycho-linguistics, and cognitive science. Traditional language proficiency tests, however, are manually composed by experts, limiting their scope for both lab and online settings. Here, we propose a pipeline that automatically derives a language proficiency test from a corpus of text and applies it to create new tests for 1,939 languages. Using this approac…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Over 50 million Americans claim German ancestry, which made them the largest single claimed ancestry group in the United States until 2020. As of 2023, 858,682 people in the United States speak the German language at home. It is the second most spoken language in North Dakota (1.39% of its population) and is the third most spoken language in 16 other states.

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Faroese ( FAIR-oh-EEZ, FARR-; endonym: føroyskt [ˈføːɹɪst]) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of whom 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere. It is one of five languages descended from Old West Norse spoken in the Middle Ages; the others include Norwegian, Icelandic, and the extinct Norn and Greenlandic Norse. Faroese and Icelandic, its closest extant relative, are not easily mutually intelligible in speech, but the written languages resemble each other quite closely, largely owing to Faroese's etymological orthography.

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Broca's biases in modern aphasiology.. Broca's description of aphemia signals the emergence of aphasiology as a discipline. It also marks the beginning of a long tradition of studies of right-handed patients ("Nous parlons avec l'hémisphère gauche") with lesions in the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) displaying production deficits (Broca's aphasia) in their single, mainly Romance or, as years went by, Germanic language. In modern-day aphasiology, language crosses hemispheric boundaries, production is no longer confined to the left inferior frontal gyrus, and lesions in Broca's area do not necessarily entail Broca's aphasia, with recognized production deficits associated with other les…