przyroda: Evolution

Evidence: 73 • authority: 72

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life is a work of scientific literature by the English naturalist Charles Darwin that is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. It was published on 24 November 1859. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection, although Lamarckism was also included as a mechanism of lesser importance. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the…

Evidence: 73 • authority: 72

"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" is the title of a journal article, comprising and resulting from the joint presentation of two scientific papers to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858: On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type by Alfred Russel Wallace and an Extract from an unpublished Work on Species from Charles Darwin's Essay of 1844. The article also includes an Abstract of a Letter from Darwin to Asa Gray, and an introductory letter by Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell. The article was the first announcement of the Darwin–Wallace theory of evolut…

Evidence: 64 • authority: 72

The immediate reactions, from November 1859 to April 1861, to On the Origin of Species, the book in which Charles Darwin described evolution by natural selection, included international debate, though the heat of controversy was less than that over earlier works such as Vestiges of Creation. Darwin monitored the debate closely, cheering on Thomas Henry Huxley's battles with Richard Owen to remove clerical domination of the scientific establishment. While Darwin's illness kept him away from the public debates, he read eagerly about them and mustered support through correspondence. Religious views were mixed, with the Church of England's scientific establishment reacting against the book, whi…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

"Darwin's Darkest Hour" is a 2009 American drama television episode from Nova produced in collaboration with National Geographic. It details the life of Charles Darwin until the publication of On the Origin of Species, partially through flashbacks. The episode stars Henry Ian Cusick as Charles Darwin and Frances O'Connor as his wife Emma.

Evidence: 45 • authority: 80

The origin of species, by Charles Darwin.

Evidence: 45 • authority: 80

Origin of species / Charles Darwin.

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Charles Robert Darwin ( DAR-win; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species have descended from a common ancestor is now accepted and considered a fundamental scientific concept. In a joint presentation with Alfred Russel Wallace, he proposed that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and was honoured by burial…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Evolutionary Theories of Emotion in Italian Psychophysiology: Reception, Critique, and Influence, 1880-1920.. This article examines how Italian psychophysiologists engaged with Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory of the emotions (ETE) between 1880 and 1920. Darwin's work on the natural history of emotions converged with a vibrant tradition of experimental psychophysiology that embodied Italian Positivism's scientific ambitions. The article investigates how the reception of Darwin's ETE in post-unification Italy intersected with the local construction of "emotion" as a physiological and experimental object. It first traces the dissemination of Darwin's ideas through key venues such as the R…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Before Linnaeus and Darwin: the hierarchical taxonomy of Li Shizhen's <i>Bencao Gangmu</i>.. Background The Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica, 1596), by Li Shizhen (1518-1593), is one of the most comprehensive pre-modern pharmacopoeias in the history of traditional medicine. Comprising 1,892 drug species organized into the inorganic, plant, and animal kingdoms, this foundational text of Chinese traditional pharmacology documents the therapeutic uses, morphological descriptions, and ecological contexts of medicinal substances-roughly 175-300 years before the formalized systems of Western taxonomy and natural history were established. Aim This study examines the structur…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life is a 1995 book by the philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which the author looks at some of the repercussions of Darwinian theory. The crux of the argument is that, whether or not Darwin's theories are overturned, there is no going back from the dangerous idea that design (purpose or what something is for) might not need a designer. Dennett makes this case on the basis that natural selection is a blind process, which is nevertheless sufficiently powerful to explain the evolution of life. Darwin's discovery was that the generation of life worked algorithmically, proceeding in such a way that its results are unavoidable. Dennett says, for…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The inception of Darwin's theory occurred during an intensively busy period which began when Charles Darwin returned from the survey voyage of the Beagle, with his reputation as a fossil collector and geologist already established. He was given an allowance from his father to become a gentleman naturalist rather than a clergyman, and his first tasks were to find suitable experts to describe his collections, write out his Journal and Remarks, and present papers on his findings to the Geological Society of London. At Darwin's geological début, the anatomist Richard Owen's reports on the fossils showed that extinct species were related to current species in the same locality, and the ornitholo…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. They are well known for being a classic example of adaptive radiation and for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function. They are often classified as the subfamily Geospizinae or tribe Geospizini. They belong to the tanager family and are not closely related to the true finches. The closest known relative of the Galápagos finches is the South American dull-coloured grassquit (Asemospiza obscura). They were first collected when the second voyage of the Beagle visited the Galápagos Islands, with Charles Darwin on board as a gentleman naturalist. Apart from the Cocos finch, whi…