średniowiecze: Richard A. Muller

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Richard A. Muller (born January 6, 1944) is an American physicist and emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In early 2010, Muller and his daughter Elizabeth Muller founded the group Berkeley Earth, an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change skeptics, in particular the global surface temperature record. In 2016, Richard and Elizabeth Muller co-founded Deep Isolation, a private company seeking to dispose of nuclear waste in deep boreholes.

Evidence: 64 • authority: 62

Berkeley Earth was conceived by Richard and Elizabeth Muller in early 2010 when they found merit in some of the concerns of climate skeptics. They organized a group of scientists to reanalyze the Earth’s surface temperature record, and published their initial findings in 2012. Berkeley Earth became an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) in August 2013. From 2010-2012, Berkeley Earth systematically addressed the five major concerns that global warming skeptics had identified, and did so in a systematic and objective manner. The first four were potential biases from data selection, data adjustment, poor station quality, and the urban heat island effect. Our analysis showed that these issues did not unduly bias the record. The fifth concern related to the over reliance on large and complex global climate models by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the attribution of the recent temperature increase to anthropogenic forces. We obtained a long and accurate record, spanning 250 years and showed that it could be well-fit with a simple model that included a volcanic term and, as an anthropogenic proxy, CO 2 concentration. We concluded that the record could be reproduced by just these two contributions, and that inclusion of direct variations in solar intensity did not contribute to the fit. Berkeley Earth is an independent U.S. non-profit organization focused on environmental data science and analysis.

Evidence: 54 • authority: 62

Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 with the goal of addressing the major concerns of skeptics regarding global warming and the land surface temperature record. Berkeley Earth was created in 2010, by Richard Muller and his daughter Elizabeth Muller who had been previously collaborating on energy and climate issues. Together they observed a real need for a new project to analyze current global surface temperature records in order to respond to concerns of critics and calm the debate about global warming. After joining with lead scientist Robert Rohde , Berkeley Earth was created. In early 2013, Berkeley Earth became a new, independent non-profit. Berkeley Earth is headed by Elizabeth Muller and Richard Muller , the father/daughter team that founded Berkeley Earth. The main scientific work is carried out by Robert Rohde . Richard Muller is a Professor of Physics at the University of California at Berkeley, Faculty Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and President of Muller & Associates LLC . Robert Rohde is a scientist who obtained his PhD in experimental/theoretical physics at the University of California at Berkeley. His expertise includes the analysis of large data sets, with estimates of statistical and systematic effects. Together, Richard and Robert have co-authored a series of papers on the analysis of bio diversity in the fossil record.

Evidence: 54 • authority: 62

Berkeley Earth was founded by Richard and Elizabeth Muller in 2010, sparked by a desire to address some of the concerns raised by climate skeptics . They believed that rigorous, unbiased science could resolve many of the questions surrounding the accuracy of global temperature records. In 2013 Berkeley Earth became an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, solidifying our commitment to making impartial, open-source climate and air pollution data open and accessible, informing the global discourse on climate change. Over the next two years, a dedicated team of scientists reanalyzed Earth’s surface temperature data, tackling five major concerns skeptics had raised: data selection, data adjustments, station quality, the urban heatisland effect, and reliance on complex climate models.

Evidence: 21 • authority: 72

Peter Andreas Thiel ( ; born 11 October 1967) is a German-American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and conservative political activist. A co-founder of PayPal, Palantir Technologies and Founders Fund, he was also the first outside investor in Facebook. As of October 2026, Forbes estimated Thiel's net worth at US$37.7 billion. Born in Germany, Thiel moved to the US with his parents when he was an infant. In 1971, his family moved to South African-occupied Namibia, before moving back to the US in 1977. After graduating from Stanford University, Thiel worked as a clerk, a securities lawyer, a speechwriter, and a derivatives trader at Credit Suisse. He founded Thiel Capital Management in 1996…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Prosocial Antitrust. Antitrust law is at the center of today’s public debate. It has even emerged as a rare unifying force, with bipartisan promises to combat the concentration of economic power. Meanwhile, the business community is grappling with mounting systematic risks arising from climate change, income inequality, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Unexpectedly, the largest asset managers in the world find themselves on the front lines of these battles. Due to the rise of index investing, these “universal owners” manage portfolios that are so large and diversified, their holdings mirror the entire economy. Their diversification protects them against idiosyncratic risk, but greatly exposes the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface at a given time. It is a combination of sea surface temperature and the near-surface air temperature over land, weighted by their respective areas. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites. To estimate data in the distant past, proxy data can be used for example from tree rings, corals, and ice cores. Observing the rising GST over time is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that human activities are causing climate change. Alternative terms for the same concept are global mean surface temperature (GMST) or global average surfa…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Robert Andrew Rohde is an American physicist and former graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied under Richard A. Muller. He received his PhD in 2010 with a thesis entitled "The Development and Use of the Berkeley Fluorescence Spectrometer to Characterize Microbial Content and Detect Volcanic Ash in Glacial Ice." He is also the founder of the website Global Warming Art and a Wikipedia editor under the username "Dragons Flight".

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Nemesis is a hypothetical red dwarf or brown dwarf, originally postulated in 1984 to be orbiting the Sun at a distance of about 95,000 AU (1.5 light-years), somewhat beyond the Oort cloud, to explain a perceived cycle of mass extinctions in the geological record, which seem to occur more often at intervals of 26 million years. In a 2017 paper, Sarah Sadavoy and Steven Stahler argued that the Sun was probably part of a binary system at the time of its formation, leading them to suggest "there probably was a Nemesis, a long time ago". Such a star would have separated from this binary system over four billion years ago, meaning it could not be responsible for the more recent cycles of mass ext…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Deep Fission, Inc. is an American nuclear-energy company based in Berkeley, California. Founded in 2023 by Elizabeth Muller and her father, physicist Richard A. Muller, the company is developing an underground reactor concept it calls the Gravity Reactor, which it describes as a pressurized water reactor intended for emplacement in a deep borehole approximately one mile (1.6 km) below the surface. In August 2025, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) selected Deep Fission for its Reactor Pilot Program, a pathway for testing advanced reactors outside the national laboratories. It is a development-stage company and had not built or licensed a reactor as of 2026. Deep Fission became an SEC-repor…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Berkeley Earth is a Berkeley, California-based independent 501(c)(3) non-profit focused on land temperature data analysis for climate science. Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 (originally called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project) to address the major concerns from outside the scientific community regarding global warming and the instrumental temperature record. The project's stated aim was a "transparent approach, based on data analysis." In February 2013, Berkeley Earth became an independent non-profit. In August 2013, Berkeley Earth was granted 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status by the US government. The primary product is air temperatures over land, but they also produce a…