rekordy: Hippocampus

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The hippocampus (pl.: hippocampi), also hippocampus proper, is a major component of the brain of humans and many other vertebrates. In the human brain the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum are components of the hippocampal formation located in the limbic system. The hippocampus plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. In humans and other primates the hippocampus is located in the archicortex, one of the three regions of allocortex, in each hemisphere with direct neural projections to, and reciprocal indirect projections from the neocortex. The hippocampus, as the media…

Evidence: 73 • authority: 72

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia characterized by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and regulation of automatic bodily functions. Unlike some other dementias, memory loss may not be an early symptom. The disease worsens over time and is usually diagnosed when cognitive impairment interferes with normal daily functioning. Together with Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB is one of the two Lewy body dementias. It is a common form of dementia, but the prevalence is not known accurately and many diagnoses are missed. The disease was first described on autopsy by Kenji Kosaka in 1976, and he named the condition several years later. REM sleep behavior disorder (R…

Evidence: 73 • authority: 72

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for around 60–70% of cases. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, self-neglect, and behavioral issues. As a person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society. Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. The median life expectancy following diagnosis of dementia is three to twelve years. Co-occurring movement disorder, also known as extrapyramidal signs, m…

Evidence: 71 • authority: 92

Physical exercise as a therapeutic strategy in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: Molecular, behavioral, and histopathological evidence.. Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, imposing a substantial economic burden. As the population ages and cases rise, interest in early identification, prevention, and treatment has intensified. After establishing that pathology involves neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss, interventions have been tested in laboratory animals to slow disease progression. One commonly tested intervention is physical exercise, an economical approach. Laboratory animal models of AD aim to demon…

Evidence: 61 • authority: 72

Dementia is a syndrome, classed as a major neurocognitive disorder often associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, and characterized by a general decline in cognitive processes that affects the ability to perform everyday activities. This typically involves problems with memory, thinking, behavior, and motor control. Aside from memory impairment and a disruption in thought patterns, the most common symptoms of dementia include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and decreased motivation. The symptoms may be described as occurring in a continuum over several stages. Dementia is an incurable, progressive disorder, with varying degrees of severity (mild to maj…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Gene expression and brain pathology at the early stages of bilateral chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the female mouse brain.. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including vascular dementia (VD). It is well documented that sex differences account for variability in progression and outcomes in cerebrovascular pathophysiology and dementia risk. Despite extensive study of VD, most mechanistic and preclinical work has been conducted in male animals, leaving the molecular and cellular consequences of CCH in the female brain largely unexplored. To address this critical gap in knowledge, we investigated the effects of short-term CCH on path…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 80

P4‐039: The Morbus Alzheimer learn and recall exercise program: A new dimension in the early detection of people at risk for contracting Alzheimer Dementia (AD) and other forms of dementia

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

Early Visual Predictors of Progression to Alzheimer�s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Multimodal MRI insights into hippocampal pathological changes across the Alzheimer's disease continuum: advances and challenges.. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with early and progressive hippocampal pathology serving as a hallmark across the AD continuum, including subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and AD dementia. Single-modal MRI fails to fully capture multilevel hippocampal neuropathology, hindering accurate early diagnosis and prognostic prediction of AD. This narrative review summarizes recent advances in structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantitative susceptibility mapping, arterial…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Vascular dementia is dementia caused by a series of strokes. Restricted blood flow due to strokes reduces oxygen and glucose delivery to the brain, causing cell injury and neurological deficits in the affected region. Subtypes of vascular dementia include subcortical vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia, stroke-related dementia, and mixed dementia. Subcortical vascular dementia occurs from damage to small blood vessels in the brain. Multi-infarct dementia results from a series of small strokes affecting several brain regions. Stroke-related dementia involving successive small strokes causes a more gradual decline in cognition. Dementia may occur when neurodegenerative and cerebrovascul…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Mechanisms of neurotoxicity of fluoride or aluminum: implications for neurodegenerative disease risk.. Fluoride and aluminum are two naturally abundant elements with widespread industrial uses. Fluoride is also added to community water supplies as a public health intervention for dental cavity prevention. However, findings from animal studies show potential links of fluoride and aluminum exposure with neurodegenerative disease risk, particularly at high exposure levels. This review uniquely examines neurochemical and neurobiological impacts of fluoride and aluminum exposure as well as whether these processes may increase the risk of common and rare neurodegenerative diseases, including deme…