praca-i-codziennosc: Roman Empire

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

Augustus (plural Augusti; aw-GUST-əs, Classical Latin: [au̯ˈɡʊstʊs]; "majestic", "great", or "venerable") was the main title of the Roman emperors during antiquity. It was given as both a name and a title to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (often referred to simply as Augustus) in 27 BC, marking his accession as Rome's first emperor. On his death, it became an official title of his successor, and was so used by all emperors thereafter. The feminine form Augusta was used for Roman empresses and other female members of the imperial family. The masculine and feminine forms originated in the time of the Roman Republic, in connection with things considered divine or sacred in traditional Roman re…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the traditional end of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in 1453. Ancient Rome became a territorial empire while still a republic but was then ruled by emperors, beginning with Octavian Augustus, the final victor of the republican civil wars. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC, during the Punic Wars, after which the Republic expanded across the Mediterranean. Civil war engulfed Rome in…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

The rise of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, covers his life from his gathering of legions loyal to Roman dictator Julius Caesar in Roman Italy in 44 BC, following Caesar's assassination on the Ides of March (15 March), until the Roman Senate's bestowal upon him of the title augustus in 27 BC. The latter date marks the traditional end of the Roman Republic and beginning of the Roman Empire. Augustus was born Gaius Octavius in 63 BC and is known during this phase of his life as Octavian (Latin: Octavianus). The period between 44 and 27 BC witnessed the formation of the Second Triumvirate by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and the eventual fissure of this triple dictator…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Latin: Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire and the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult and an era of imperial peace (the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta) when the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The principate, a style of government in which the emperor showed nominal deference to the Senate, was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century. Octavian was born into an equestrian branch of the gens Octavia. Octavian's great-uncle, the dictator Julius Caesar, named him as his p…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on the Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence. When Augustus became sole ruler in 31 BC, he disbanded about half of the over 50 legions then in existence. The remaining 28 legions became the core of the early Imperial army of the Principate (27 BC – AD 284), most lasting over three centuries. Augustus and his immediate successors transformed legions into permanent units, staffed by entirely career soldiers on standard 25-year terms. During the Dominate period (near the end of the Empire, 284–476), legions w…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

The Roman imperial cult (Latin: cultus imperatorius) identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State. Its framework was based on Roman and Greek precedents, and was formulated during the early Principate of Augustus. It was rapidly established throughout the Empire and its provinces, with marked local variations in its reception and expression. Augustus's reforms transformed Rome's Republican system of government to a de facto monarchy, couched in traditional Roman practices and Republican values. The princeps (emperor) was expected to balance the interests of the Roman military, Senate and people, and to maintain…

Evidence: — • authority: 62

However, it was severely destabilised by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marking his accession as the first Roman emperor. The vast Roman territories were organized into senatorial provinces, governed...