polska: Hoodoo (spirituality)

Evidence: 93 • authority: 72

Hoodoo is a complex set of spiritual observances, traditions, and beliefs—including magical and other ritual practices—developed by enslaved African Americans in the Southern United States from various traditional African spiritualities and elements of Native American ethnobotany. Hoodoo practitioners are called rootworkers, conjure doctors, conjure men or conjure women, and root doctors. Regional synonyms for Hoodoo include roots, rootwork and conjure. As an autonomous spiritual system, it has often been syncretized with beliefs from religions such as Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, and Spiritualism. Hoodoo, frequently associated with conjure, is a compilation of religious beliefs and p…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The Kongo people (also Bakongo, singular: Mukongo or M'kongo; Kongo: Bisi Kongo, EsiKongo, singular: Musi Kongo) are a Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as the speakers of Kikongo. Subgroups include the Beembe, Bwende, Vili, Sundi, Yombe, Dondo, Lari, and others. In the early Medieval Period, the Bakongo people were subjects of the Kingdom of Vungu. After its fall, they lived along the Atlantic coast of Central Africa in multiple kingdoms: Kongo, Loango, and Kakongo. Their highest concentrations are found south of Pointe-Noire in the Republic of the Congo, southwest of Pool Malebo and west of the Kwango River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, north of Luanda, Angola and southwest…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 88

Trans-Atlantic Trade in African Captives, Enslaved Africans in the Americas, and the Industrial Revolution in England. Abstract The Industrial Revolution in England has remained the most debated subject in economic history. The debate has moved in a circle—the growth of trade (the “commercial revolution”), especially overseas trade, occupied the center stage of explanations from the nineteenth century to World War II; the pendulum shifted to inward-looking explanations between 1950 and the mid-1980s; the circle was completed in the late 1980s, when overseas trade began to be the dominant causal factor, once again. There was hardly any room for the contribution of the trans-Atlantic trade in…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The legal institution of chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was found throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during the early colonial period, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, children were born into slavery, and an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery persisted in about half of the U.S. states until its abolition after the civil war between the North and the S…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Atlantic World comprises the interactions among the peoples and empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean rim from the beginning of the Age of Discovery to the early 19th century. Atlantic history is split between three different contexts: trans-Atlantic history, meaning the international history of the Atlantic World; circum-Atlantic history, meaning the transnational history of the Atlantic World; and cis-Atlantic history within an Atlantic context. The Atlantic slave trade continued into the 19th century, but the international trade was largely outlawed in 1807 by Britain. Slavery officially ended in 1865 in the United States and in the 1880s in Brazil (1888) and Cuba (1886). While some s…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Chattel slavery was a major institution and a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society. The main sources of slaves were wars and politically organized enslavement expeditions in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Europe, Southeast Europe, the Western Mediterranean and Africa. It has been reported that the selling price of slaves decreased after large military operations. In Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), the administrative and political center of the Ottoman Empire, about a fifth of the 16th- and 17th-century population consisted of slaves. The number of slaves imported to the Ottoman Empire from various geographic sources in the e…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Atlantic slave trade, also referred to as transatlantic slave trade (or trans-Atlantic slave trade), involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas. This trade was operated by slave ships from both Europe and the New World. Some voyages used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, particularly in the early phases. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century, and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting well into the 19th century. Most of the people transported in the transatlantic trade were from Central and West Africa. In contrast to other slave trades, those who were taking slaves from Africa gene…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

African Americans or Black Americans, also formerly called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group. As defined by the United States census, they are Americans who have ancestry from "any of the Black racial groups of Africa". African Americans constitute the third-largest racial and ethnic group in the U.S., following White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans. In the ethnic group sense, the term "African American" generally denotes descendants of Africans enslaved in the United States. According to annual estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2024, the overall Black population was estimated at 42,951,595, representing approximately 12.63% of the total…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Gullahs (), also known in some areas as Geechees and alternatively as Gullah–Geechees, are an African American ethnic group rooted in the coastal areas of the U.S. states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida from roughly Pender County, North Carolina to St. Augustine, Florida. Gullahs are descendants of West and Central Africans enslaved on plantations in the islands, waterways and coasts of this area, now designated the Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. They have developed a distinctive culture and creole language, also known as Gullah, which have preserved a high volume of Africanisms as a result of their historical geographic isolation. The Gullahs of the area…