rekordowe-miejsca: Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Evidence: 81 • authority: 72

The Formosan languages are a geographic grouping of Austronesian languages spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Taiwan. They do not form a single subfamily of Austronesian but rather up to nine separate primary subfamilies. The Taiwanese Indigenous peoples recognized by the government are about 2.3% of the island's population. However, only 35% speak their ancestral language, due to centuries of language shift. Of the approximately 26 languages of the Taiwanese Indigenous peoples, at least ten are extinct, another four (perhaps five) are moribund, and all others are to some degree endangered. They are national languages of Taiwan. The Indigenous languages of Taiwan have great significance in…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

The Austronesian languages ( AW-strə-NEE-zhən) are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). They are spoken by approximately 386 million people (4.4% of the world population). This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include Malay (one variant standardized as Indonesian), Javanese, Sundanese, Tagalog (and its standardized form Filipino), Malagasy and Cebuano. According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family. In 1706, th…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify c. 4000 BCE – c. 3500 BCE in Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. In the last three decades, linguists Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built a large lexicon for Proto-Oceanic. Other comparative lexicons include the Micronesian comparative dictionary (by Bender et al.), and the Polynesian lexicon or Pollex (by Biggs et al.).

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large collection of peoples who speak Austronesian languages, having settled in Taiwan, maritime Southeast Asia, parts of mainland Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar. They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Hainan. The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia. The group originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration, known as the Austronesian expansion, from Taiwan, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reache…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Taiwanese indigenous peoples, formerly called Taiwanese aborigines, are the indigenous peoples of Taiwan, with the nationally recognized subgroups numbering about 600,303 or 3% of the country's population. This total is increased to more than 800,000 if the indigenous peoples of the plains in Taiwan are included, pending future official recognition. When including those of mixed ancestry, such a number is possibly more than a million. Archeological research suggests that humans have been living on Taiwan for at least 30,000 years. A wide body of evidence suggests that the Taiwanese indigenous peoples had maintained regular trade networks with numerous regional cultures of Southeast Asia bef…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Han Taiwanese (Chinese: 臺灣漢人) or Taiwanese Han, also known as Taiwanese Han Chinese or Han Chinese Taiwanese, are Taiwanese people of full or partial ethnic Han Chinese ancestry. According to the Executive Yuan of Taiwan, they comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people. Major waves of Han immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895–1945). Han Taiwanese mainly speak three Sinitic languages: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Genomic insights into the admixture history and adaptive evolution of the Zhuang people.. The Zhuang, China's largest ethnic minority with over 17 million individuals, represent a critical yet understudied population for understanding East Asian genetic diversity and population history. Here, we present the first high-coverage whole-genome (>30×) and exome (>70×) sequencing study of the Zhuang (ZUN), integrating ancient and modern genomic data to reconstruct their evolutionary trajectory. We show that ZUN derive ∼68% of their ancestry from the Tai-Kadai-speaking people, diverging ∼3,000 to 5,000 years ago (ya), with the Maonan as their closest genetic relatives. Our analyses support a share…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

The Austronesian Origin Myths of Aboriginal Taiwan. The new book “The Formosan Primary Anthropogonic Myths, Genesis and the Creation of Man” by Valdis Gauss was published in June by Brill’s Series in Taiwan Studies. This monograph offers never-before-seen insights into the origin traditions of Austronesian Taiwan. With the objective of creating the first ever English language corpus of the Formosan origin myths, over 100 texts were translated from Japanese, German and Mandarin into English and added to the over 250 total Formosan texts found for the work. This incredibly colorful array of creation texts, genesis texts, and drift origin texts sheds light on a previously rarely explored subje…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast Asia (Indonesia and the Philippine Archipelago) and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia in the areas near the Malay Peninsula, with Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan as the northwest geographic outlier. Malagasy, spoken on the island of Madagascar off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is the furthest western outlier. Two morphological characteristics of the Malayo-Polynesian languages are a syste…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The languages of Taiwan consist of several varieties of languages under the families of Austronesian languages and Sino-Tibetan languages. The Formosan languages, a geographically designated branch of Austronesian languages, have been spoken by the Taiwanese indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Owing to the wide internal variety of the Formosan languages, research on historical linguistics recognizes Taiwan as the Urheimat (homeland) of the whole Austronesian language family. In the last 400 years, several waves of Han emigrations brought several different Sinitic languages into Taiwan. These languages include Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and Mandarin, which have become the major languag…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Maternal genetic origin of Chao Lay coastal maritime populations from Thailand.. Background The Chao Lay, also known as sea nomads, include the Austronesian-speaking Moken, Moklen, and Urak Lawoi, who traditionally inhabit the coastal regions and islands of the Andaman Sea in southern Thailand. Their maritime lifestyle has attracted significant interest in their genetic origins and relationships with other sea nomad groups in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA); however, comprehensive genetic data on these communities remain scarce. Here, we generated complete mitochondrial genome sequences from Moken and Moklen groups, along with the Tai-Kadai-speaking southern Thai population and additional Aust…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Investigating demic versus cultural diffusion and sex bias in the spread of Austronesian languages in Vietnam.. Austronesian (AN) is the second-largest language family in the world, particularly widespread in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania. In Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), groups speaking these languages are concentrated in the highlands of Vietnam. However, our knowledge of the spread of AN-speaking populations in MSEA remains limited; in particular, it is not clear if AN languages were spread by demic or cultural diffusion. In this study, we present and analyze new data consisting of complete mitogenomes from 369 individuals and 847 Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism…