rekordowe-miejsca: Aram (region)

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Introduction. Abstract This chapter addresses the war’s multifaceted effect, not only on different areas of society but in terms of the competing interpretations that existed within various social groups. David Rennie suggests that authors, too, could demonstrate shifting, sophisticated, and even contradictory reactions to the war in their fictional and non-fictional outputs. The machinations of the publishing industry, advertising, Hollywood, and authors’ artistic and personal development meant that writers’ reactions to the war were complex, provisional, and subject to change in relation to intrapersonal and interpersonal variables. Rennie also proposes, contrary to the findings of Paul F…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Empress Eudoxia in the Light of the 5th-Century Ecclesiastical Histories. In the dispute between John Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, and the imperial court the main role is generally attributed to Empress Eudoxia, who was blamed for causing his exile. How did the authors of Ecclesiastical histories, writing in the first half of the 5th century, perceive this empress? The first of them, Philostorgius, clearly suggested that although initially the status of Eudoxia at the imperial court was not strong because of her barbaric origin, the empress - wielding her femininity as a powerful weapon—not only managed to defend herself but also strengthened her position in the courtly environment…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Nephilim (; Hebrew: נְפִילִים, romanized: Nəfīlīm) are enigmatic figures mentioned in several passages of the Hebrew Bible and later Jewish and Christian literature. They are traditionally associated with extraordinary size, strength, or status, though the biblical texts provide only brief and ambiguous descriptions. The earliest reference appears in Genesis 6:1–4, where the Nephilim are linked to the "mighty men of old" and to the marital relations between the "sons of God" and the "daughters of men". Their identity, origin, and role in early biblical history have been the subject of extensive debate among scholars, theologians, and interpreters. The meaning of the term Nephilim is unc…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Septuagint ( SEP-tew-ə-jint), sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Koine Greek: Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, romanized: Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Biblical Hebrew. The full Greek title derives from the story recorded in the Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates (his brother) that "the laws of the Jews" were translated into Koine Greek at the request of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–247 BC) by seventy-two Hebrew translators—six from each of the Twelve Tribes of Israel—though this story is considered to be pseudepigraphical by some schola…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (Hebrew: אֲרַמִּים, romanized: ʾĂrammîm; Ancient Greek: Ἀραμαῖοι, romanized: Aramaíoi; Classical Syriac: ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ, romanized: ārāmāyē, Syriac pronunciation: [ʔɑːrɑːˈmɑːje]), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BCE. Their homeland, often referred to as the land of Aram, originally covered central regions of what is now Syria. The Arameans were not a single nation or group; Aram was a region with local centers of power spread throughout the Levant. That makes it almost impossible to establish a coherent ethnic category of "Aramean" based on extralinguistic identity markers, such as ma…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Ephrem the Syrian (; c. 306 – 373), also known as Ephraem the Deacon, Ephrem of Edessa or Aprem of Nisibis (Syriac: ܡܪܳܝ ܐܰܦܪܶܝܡ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ, romanized: Mār Aphrêm Suryāyā or Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܪܒܐ, romanized: Mār Aphrêm Rabbā) was a prominent Christian theologian and writer who is revered as one of the most notable hymnographers and authors of Syriac literature in Eastern Christianity. He was born in Nisibis, served as a deacon and later lived in Edessa. Ephrem is venerated as a saint by all traditional Churches. He is especially revered in Syriac Christianity, both in East Syriac tradition and West Syriac tradition, and also counted as a Holy and Venerable Father (i.e., a sainted monk) in th…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Syriac language (, SIRR-ee-ak; Classical Syriac: ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, romanized: Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect based on the Aramaic dialect of Edessa. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac', 'Assyrian', or 'Syrian'. In its West-Syriac tradition, Classical Syriac is often known as leššōnō kṯoḇonōyō (lit. 'the written language or the book language') or simply kṯoḇonōyō, or kṯowonōyō, while in its…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Aram (Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡌, romanized: ʾĀrām; Hebrew: אֲרָם, romanized: ʾĂrām; Syriac: ܐܪܡ) was a historical region mentioned in early cuneiforms and in the Bible. The area did not develop into a larger empire but consisted of several small states in present-day Syria. Some of the states are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, Aram-Damascus being the most outstanding one, which came to encompass most of Syria. In the Bible, Aram-Damascus is simply commonly referred to as Aram. After the final conquest by the rising Neo-Assyrian Empire in the second half of the 8th century BCE and also during the later consecutive rules of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (612–539 BCE) and the Achaemenid Empire (539…