społeczeństwo: Enneagram of Personality

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Enneagram of Personality, or simply the Enneagram, is a pseudoscientific model of the human psyche primarily understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types. The historical origins of the ideas underlying the Enneagram of Personality remain a subject of debate. Contemporary approaches heavily derive from the teachings of Bolivian psycho-spiritual teacher Oscar Ichazo in the 1950s and Chilean psychiatrist Claudio Naranjo in the 1970s. Naranjo's theories were also shaped by earlier personality teachings developed by George Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way tradition during the first half of the 20th century. As a typology, the Enneagram outlines nine distinct perso…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

The Fourth Way is spiritual teacher George Gurdjieff's approach to human spiritual growth, developed by him over years of travel in the East (c. 1890 – 1912), and taught to followers in subsequent years. Gurdjieff's students often refer to the Fourth Way as "The Work" or "Work on oneself". The exact source of his teaching is unknown, but Gurdjieff indicated that the knowledge was known to man in the past and he had gathered it from attending various monasteries and from meetings with remarkable men. The term "Fourth Way" was used by his pupil P. D. Ouspensky in his book In Search of the Miraculous, which provides a detailed account of Gurdjieff's teaching as it was conveyed directly to him;…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (c. 1866–1877 – 29 October 1949) was a philosopher, mystic, spiritual teacher, composer, and movements teacher. Gurdjieff taught that people are not conscious of themselves and thus live their lives in a state of hypnotic "waking sleep", but that it is possible to awaken to a higher state of consciousness to "remember ourselves" and serve our purpose as human beings. The aim of his teaching is that people should become aware of the meaning of their presence on earth and of their place in the scale of being. His student P. D. Ouspensky referred to Gurdjieff's teachings as the "Fourth Way". Gurdjieff's teaching has inspired the formation of many groups around the wo…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 72

Oscar Ichazo (July 24, 1931 – March 26, 2020) was a Bolivian philosopher and an advocate of integral theory. Following his early life in Bolivia, Ichazo was later principally based in Chile, where he founded the Arica School in 1968. He lived his last decades in Hawaii, where he died. Ichazo's Arica School can be considered, as Ramparts magazine described it in 1973, "A body of techniques for cosmic consciousness-raising and an ideology to relate to the world in an awakened way." An American headquarters, the Arica Institute, was established in New York in 1971. The Arica School's origins began in 1956 when groups of people formed in major cities in South America to study the theory and met…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Corporate Personality in the 20th Century