infrastruktura: Ancient Roman technology

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Mogontiacum (also Moguntiacum) is the Latin name of today's city of Mainz, which it bore during its almost 500 years as part of the Roman Empire. Mogontiacum had its origins in the legionary camp built by Drusus in 13/12 BCE, which was strategically located on a hill above the Rhine and opposite the mouth of the Main on the Roman Rhine valley road. The civilian settlements (vici) in the vicinity of the camp, which spread down the Rhine, quickly grew together to form a larger, urbanised settlement. However, unlike Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) or Augusta Treverorum (Trier), Mogontiacum was primarily a military centre until the second half of the 4th century and was apparently…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

The Soviet Civil Administration (SCA) was the official ruling authority of the northern half of Korea from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948, governing concurrently with the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea from 1946. Even though formally referred as civilian administration, it was originally a military organization that included civilians of different professions. The SCA was the administrative structure that the Soviet Union used to govern what would become the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) following the division of Korea. General Terentii Shtykov was the main proponent of setting up a centralized structure to coordinate Korean People's Committees. Aft…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Safety and Efficacy of Tunneled Sciatic Nerve Catheters in Combat Injuries: Ukrainian Experience.. Background Surgical treatment of combat injuries often requires continuous analgesia for many weeks, which can be achieved with continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Existing data on the safety and efficacy of sciatic nerve catheterization in civilian and military populations are difficult to extrapolate to the population of combat-injured patients in Ukraine. Purpose To add to the body of evidence on the safety and efficacy of tunneled sciatic nerve catheters for pain control in combat-injured patients treated at Role 3 facilities. Patients and methods This retrospective study included patients…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 92

Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of combat-related PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Introduction Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains highly prevalent among military personnel and veterans and is frequently chronic, disabling, and only partially responsive to first-line pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. Given the central role of fronto-limbic circuit dysfunction in PTSD, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a biologically plausible neuromodulatory strategy, yet its protocol-level efficacy in combat-exposed populations is not well established. Clarifying whether specific TMS modalities off…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

The ongoing military occupation of Ukraine's Kherson Oblast by Russian forces began on 24 February 2022, when Russian forces invaded Ukraine from Crimea. It was administered under a Russian-controlled military-civilian administration until 30 September 2022, when the Russian government declared it had annexed the territory (an annexation widely regarded as illegal and unrecognized internationally). Since then Russia administers it as an internationally unrecognized federal subject of Russia. Russia captured the city of Kherson on 1 March 2022. Kherson was the only regional capital that Russia has managed to capture in the invasion, though the cities of Donetsk and Luhansk had been controlle…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Military administration identifies both the techniques and systems used by military departments, agencies, and armed services involved in managing the armed forces. It describes the processes that take place within military organisations outside combat, particularly in managing military personnel, their training, and services they are provided with as part of their military service. In cases of military government, for example during a military occupation, the management and control of civilians, and provision of services to them, may also be in scope. In many ways military administration serves the same role as public administration in the civil society, and is often cited as a source of b…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

"First and foremost the evangelist"? Mission and government priorities for the treatment of leprosy in Uganda, 1927-1948.. Early historiography on medicine in British colonial Africa suggests that colonial government and missionary medicine occupied two relatively distinct spheres, and that government officials viewed medical missionaries with suspicion and distrust. Contrary to this paradigm, this article suggests that missionaries and colonial government officials collaborated extensively and amicably in the treatment of leprosy in Uganda. Mission, medical, and government correspondence and reports are drawn upon in order to demonstrate that the suspicion and tension that characterised so…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Woodlands of Antiquity: A millennium of dendrochronological data on forest exploitation and timber economy between the Alps and the Atlantic.. The Roman Empire dominated large parts of western and central Europe for over half a millennium, leaving a lasting cultural imprint on the continent. In the densely forested regions north of the Alps, material culture was characterized by the use of wood as a primary raw material. Yet, the drivers behind the Roman timber economy and its impact on woodland exploitation and forest dynamics remain poorly understood. To address this, we investigated a unique collection of 20.397 dendrochronologically dated archaeological woods spanning a millennium of Eu…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

War-related maxillofacial injuries in Ukraine: a retrospective multicenter study.. Background The invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops on February 24, 2022, had significant humanitarian consequences. This conflict provides valuable data on the types and characteristics of war-related injuries, their epidemiology under modern warfare conditions, and the effectiveness of medical support and treatment strategies applied under challenging military circumstances with limited staff and resources. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of war-related maxillofacial injuries during the Russian- Ukrainian war. Methods This retrospective multicenter study examined t…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The military of ancient Rome was one of the largest pre-modern professional standing armies in history. At its height, protecting over 7,000 kilometers of border and consisting of over 400,000 legionaries and auxiliaries, the army was the most important institution in the Roman world. According to the Roman historian Livy, the military was a key element in the rise of Rome over "above seven hundred years" from a small settlement in Latium to the capital of an empire governing a wide region around the shores of the Mediterranean, or, as the Romans themselves said, mare nostrum, "our sea". Livy asserts: ... if any people ought to be allowed to consecrate their origins and refer them to a divi…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area. The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive thei…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In modern scholarship, the "late" period of the Roman army begins with the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in AD 284, and ends in 480 with the death of Julius Nepos, being roughly coterminous with the Dominate. During the period 395–476, the army of the Roman Empire's western half progressively disintegrated, while its counterpart in the East, known as the East Roman army (or the early Byzantine army) remained largely intact in size and structure until the reign of Justinian I (r. AD 527–565). The Imperial Roman army of the Principate (30 BC – 284 AD) underwent a significant transformation as a result of the chaotic 3rd century. Unlike the army of the Principate, the army of the 4th cen…