ciało-człowieka: Bird anatomy

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight. Birds have a light skeletal system and light but powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply, permit the bird to fly. The development of a beak has led to evolution of a specially adapted digestive system.

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

Vision is the most important sense for birds, since good eyesight is a major leverage for safe flight. Birds have a number of adaptations which give visual acuity superior to that of other vertebrate groups; a pigeon has been described as "two eyes with wings". Birds are theropods, and the avian eye resembles that of other sauropsids, with ciliary muscles that can change the shape of the lens rapidly and to a greater extent than in the mammals. While Birds have the largest eyes relative to their size in the animal kingdom, It is largely a misconception that birds have limited eye movement, as this feature is only known in nocturnal birds that have tube-shaped sclerotic rings such as Owls an…

Evidence: 61 • authority: 92

Ventral Surface Microanatomy of the Raptor Pes Is Most Strongly Linked to Prey Size and Diet Rather Than Phylogeny in Australian Species.. The ventral microstructures on the digits of birds are comprised of reticulate scales. This epidermal structure presents as cornified papillae, rather than the typical flattened scutellate scales (scutes) found on the dorsal surfaces of the tarsus and toes. Reticulate scales are likely functionally important structures, particularly for predatory species when capturing prey with their feet, as they serve as the initial contact interface between a bird and an object. These scales are found only on the plantar surface of feet and digits, and as such these…

Evidence: 61 • authority: 72

The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves and the only living dinosaurs. Birds, who have feathers and the ability to fly (except for the approximately 60 extant species of flightless birds), are toothless, have beaked jaws, lay hard-shelled eggs, and have a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Among other details such as size, proportions and shape, terms defining bird features developed and are used to describe features unique to the class—especially evolutionary adaptations that developed to aid flight. There are, for example, numerous terms describ…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Neck muscle motoneuron anatomy in woodpeckers: An exploration of morphological specializations linked to extreme beak behavior.. The avian head and neck often work together as a singular unit, where they act as a "surrogate limb" to accomplish a variety of ecologically important tasks. Functional diversity of this system can emerge through various anatomical specializations, though details of these specializations remain underexplored. Woodpeckers offer a prime example of unique head and neck behavior, as they drill and drum on hard woody surfaces to forage, excavate nests, and communicate. Here, we investigate neuroanatomical features of the neck that may relate to woodpeckers' highly spec…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Psittacine Bird Ophthalmology: A Review of Anatomy, Physiology, Diagnostics, and Interventions.. Parrots ( Psittaciformes ) comprise a large group of approximately 400 species of birds. There are currently no comprehensive reviews of parrot ophthalmology in the peer-reviewed literature. This review describes the unique ocular variations of parrots, including visual ability and anatomic adaptations. A comprehensive summary of ophthalmic diagnostic tests, including aqueous tear measurements, tonometry, conjunctival cytology, conjunctival microbiology, and ocular ultrasonography, in clinically normal psittacine birds is presented. Common ocular disorders of parrots and their treatments are dis…

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

Birds are vertebrate animals constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. They are warm-blooded, live worldwide, and range in size from the 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) common ostrich. There are over 11,000 living species of birds, classified in 44 orders. More than half of the world's bird species are passerine or "perching" birds. Nearly all birds have wings whose development varies according to the life style of each species. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 88

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

Inner Ear Anatomy of Caenagnathidae (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) Emphasizes Mosaic Evolution of the Avian Neurosensory System.. The endocranial anatomy of oviraptorosaurian theropods, and their inferred sensory adaptations, has played a key role in understanding the origin of bird-like senses among avian ancestors. However, within oviraptorosaurs, sampling has thus far been limited, and a major gap exists in our understanding of the endocranial anatomy of an enigmatic subclade, Caenagnathidae. Here, we describe the inner ear morphology of three caenagnathid oviraptorosaurs, spanning a wide range of stratigraphy and body size. Our data show that the incipiently bird-like inner ears of caena…