woda: Snowdon Mountain Railway

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

A rack railway (also rack-and-pinion railway, cog railway, or cogwheel railway) is a steep grade railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh with this rack rail. This allows the trains to operate on steep gradients of 100% (45 degrees) or more, well above the 10% (5.7 degrees) maximum for friction-based rail. The rack-and-pinion mechanism also provides more controlled braking and reduces the effects of snow or ice on the rails. Most rack railways are mountain railways, although a few are transit railways or tramways built to overcome a steep gradient in an urban environment. The first cog railway…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 88

Sensitivity Analysis and Two-Stage Conceptual Design of an Electromechanical Rack-and-Pinion Carbody Tilting Mechanism for Passenger Railway Vehicles: A Preliminary Computational Assessment. This preliminary computational assessment examines an electromechanical carbody tilting concept (Kazakhstan Patent No. 37405): the carbody rotates on bogie-mounted rollers about a roll centre above its centre of gravity, driven by a servo pinion and an arc-shaped rack. A quasi-static model links seven design variables and ten vehicle, track and gear-load parameters, from 1520 mm rules, published data or assumptions, to the model speed limit, gauge clearance, actuator demand and ISO 6336 safety factors.…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 88

More than 20 years after re-emerging in the 1990s, diphtheria remains a public health problem in Latvia. In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the goal of eliminating diphtheria within the WHO European Region by the year 2000. However, in 1990 an epidemic emerged within the Russian Federation and spread to other countries, including Latvia, by 1994. We describe national surveillance and immunisation coverage data in Latvia from 1994 to 2014 and present historical data from 1946. We defined a laboratory-confirmed case as a clinical case in which toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae , C. ulcerans or C. pseudotuberculosis was isolated. From 1994 to 2014, 1,515 cases were…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Snowdon (), or Yr Wyddfa (Welsh: [ər ˈʊɨ̞̯ðva] ), is a mountain in Snowdonia in North Wales. With an elevation of 1,085 metres (3,560 ft) above sea level, it is the highest mountain in Wales, and the highest in the British Isles south of the Scottish Highlands. Snowdon is designated a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna, and is located within Snowdonia National Park. The rocks that form Snowdon were produced by volcanoes in the Ordovician period, and the massif has been extensively sculpted by glaciation, forming the pyramidal peak of Snowdon and the arêtes of Crib Goch and Y Lliwedd. It is part of the larger Snowdon range, which includes Garnedd Ugain, Yr Aran, and Moel Ei…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Snowdon Mountain Railway (SMR; Welsh: Rheilffordd yr Wyddfa) is a narrow gauge rack-and-pinion mountain railway in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. It is a tourist railway that travels for 4.7 miles (7.6 km) from Llanberis to the summit of Snowdon, the highest peak in Wales. A return journey, including the stop at the summit, takes 2½ hours. The SMR is the only public rack-and-pinion railway in the United Kingdom, and after more than 100 years of operation it remains a popular tourist attraction, carrying more than 140,000 passengers annually. The line is owned and operated by Heritage Great Britain, operators of several other tourist attractions in the United Kingdom. The railway is operated…