słonie: Bonobo

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The bonobo (; Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee, is the smallest species of great ape and one of the two making up the genus Pan (the other being the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes). While bonobos are today recognized as a distinct species, they were initially thought to be a subspecies of Pan troglodytes, because of the physical similarities between the two species. Taxonomically, members of the chimpanzee/bonobo subtribe Panina—composed entirely by the genus Pan—are collectively termed panins. Bonobos are distinguished from common chimpanzees by relatively long limbs, pinker lips, a darker face, a tail-tuft through adulthood, and longer, parted hair on their heads.…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 88

Great Ape Childhoods: Development of infant bonobos ( <i>Pan paniscus</i> ) and chimpanzees ( <i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i> ) in the wild. Abstract Human development is marked by extended immaturity, necessitating extended care throughout infancy and childhood, facilitating advanced cognitive, social, and cultural skill acquisition. Parallels of extended development are also present in our closest living relatives, bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). The Self-Domestication Hypothesis (SDH) suggests that human uniqueness stems from selection against aggression. Bonobos are also considered self-domesticated, exhibiting lower aggression and greater social tole…

Evidence: 64 • authority: 72

The Hominidae (; hominids ), whose members are known as the great apes, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain. Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans and other apes were considered to be "hominids". The earlier restrictive meaning has now been largely ass…

Evidence: 57 • authority: 80

Gravity and solidity in four great ape species (Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus): Vertical and horizontal variations of the table task.

Evidence: 54 • authority: 92

Evolutionary dynamics of predicted G-quadruplexes in human and other great apes.. Background G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical DNA structures that can form at approximately 1% of the human genome. They facilitate genomic instability by increasing point mutations and structural variation. Numerous G4s participate in telomere maintenance and regulating transcription and replication, and evolve under purifying selection. Despite these important functions, G4s have remained under-studied in human and ape genomes due to incomplete assemblies. Results Here, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of predicted G4s (pG4s) in the recently released, telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genomes of human, bonob…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 92

Functional Morphology of the Scaphoid in Extant African Apes, Humans and Fossil Hominins.. Objectives The morphology of the hominoid scaphoid has played a key role in functional and evolutionary hypotheses related to the emergence of hominin bipedalism and tool use. However, the scaphoid's complex morphology is challenging to comparatively analyze via traditional 2D linear measurements. This study quantifies scaphoid morphology utilizing 3D geometric morphometrics (3D GM) in African apes, humans and extinct hominins to provide a more holistic functional understanding of scaphoid morphology. Materials and methods We use 3D GM, including anatomical and sliding semi-landmarks, to quantify scap…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 80

The interplay of prior experience and motivation in great ape problem-solving (Gorilla gorilla, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo abelii).

Evidence: 51 • authority: 80

Supplemental Material for The Interplay of Prior Experience and Motivation in Great Ape Problem-Solving (Gorilla gorilla, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo abelii)

Evidence: 48 • authority: 92

The physics of sociality: Investigating patterns of social resource distribution among the &lt;i&gt;Pan&lt;/i&gt; species.. Humans invest social resources in predictable "circles of friends," from intimate ties to acquaintances. Whether these concentric social bonding dynamics (CSBD) are uniquely human or shared with other primates is unclear. We applied the CSBD model to 24 groups of bonobos and chimpanzees ( N = 284) to test for evolutionary continuity and potential age-related changes in social selectivity. Results show that both ape species distribute social resources in ways resembling humans, supporting shared socio-cognitive structuring within the hominoid lineage. Yet clear species…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Global Data From Great Ape Zoo Populations Confirm a High Prevalence of Overweight Individuals.. Great apes in zoos have a history of receiving diets resembling those of humans in industrialized societies, with ensuing obesity and comorbidities. We analyzed adult zoo body mass (BM) data of 1290 chimpanzees, 141 bonobos, 231 Bornean orangutans, 186 Sumatran orangutans, and 719 Western gorillas in comparison to BM of free-ranging conspecifics. Females and males considered overweight or obese were 62% and 45% in chimpanzees, 14% and 3% in bonobos, 88% and 81% in Bornean and 74% and 72% in Sumatran orangutans, and 67% and 12% in Western gorillas. The higher degree of overweight in females might…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Apes, collectively Hominoidea (; hominoids), are a superfamily of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. They were more widespread in Africa, Asia, and Europe in prehistory, and, including humans, are found globally. Apes are more closely related to Old World monkeys (family Cercopithecidae) than to the New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), with both Old World monkeys and apes placed in the clade Catarrhini. Apes do not have tails due to a mutation of the TBXT gene. In traditional and non-scientific use, the term ape can include tailless primates taxonomically considered Cercopithecidae (such as the Barbary ape and black ape), and is thus not equivalent to the scienti…