mapy-i-podróże: First-past-the-post voting

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

First-past-the-post (FPTP) — also called choose-one, first-preference plurality (FPP), or simply plurality — is a single-winner voting rule. Each voter marks one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first-preference votes than any other candidate (a plurality) is elected, even if they do not have more than half of votes (a majority). FPP has been used to elect part of the British House of Commons since the Middle Ages before spreading throughout the British Empire, usually in conjunction with plurality block voting. Throughout the 20th century, the former British colonies of Australia and New Zealand and many other countries that were using FPP aband…

Evidence: 61 • authority: 72

The dual-member mixed proportional (DMP) voting method is a mixed electoral system using a localized list rule to elect two representatives in each district. It is similar to other forms of mixed-member proportional representation, but differs from the additional-member system in that all representatives are elected locally in small districts, rather than requiring separate list seats to be filled in large regional or nationwide districts. In the first step, one seat in each district is awarded to the candidate or party with the most votes, as with first-past-the-post voting rules. In the second step, underrepresented parties are assigned secondary seats in the districts in which they won t…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

Lesser-evil voting (LEV) refers to a kind of strategic voting where a voter supports a less-preferred candidate in an election (the "lesser evil") rather than their actual favorite candidate, when this candidate is unlikely to win. Electoral systems where lesser-evil voting is forced, i.e., where it is not possible for a voter to support both their favorite candidate and a lesser-evil without causing the "greater evil" to win, necessarily fail the sincere favorite criterion. If the incentive is sufficiently severe, such methods are also subject to Duverger's law, tending to devolve into two-party systems. Lesser-evil voting is a common strategy in plurality-based systems like first-past-the…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

The cube rule or cube law is an empirical observation regarding elections under the first-past-the-post system. The rule suggests that the party getting the most votes is over-represented (and conversely, the party getting the fewest votes is under-represented). It was first formulated in a report on British elections in 1909, then extended to elections in other countries. Both in theory and in practice, the cube rule is only applicable in a two-party system. In a multi-party democracy operating under the first-past-the-post system, the cube law invariably fails, often leading to capricious results. Suppose we have two parties which receive A and B percent of the vote. According to the cube…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

In social choice theory, the majority rule (MR) is a social choice rule which says that, when comparing two options (such as bills or candidates), the option preferred by more than half of the voters (a majority) should win. In political philosophy, the majority rule is one of two major competing notions of democracy. The most common alternative is given by the utilitarian rule (or other welfarist rules), which identify the spirit of liberal democracy with the equal consideration of interests. Although the two rules can disagree in theory, political philosophers beginning with James Mill have argued the two can be reconciled in practice, with majority rule being a valid approximation to the…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Rebalancing First Past The Post voting. The results of the UK General Election of 2024 resulted in the Labour partygaining 63% of the seats with only 34% of the vote leading to calls forelectoral reform.The First Past The Post (FPTP) voting system that delivered this result hasbeen in use since the Middle Ages and was challenged by referendum in 2011 whenit beat the Alternative Vote system by 68% to 32%.This paper presents a variation on FPTP in which only the seats with thelargest votes are awarded to what would have been the winning party up to thelevel of their vote share. The remaining seats are then divided based on howmany spare votes there are in neighbouring seats.

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Rebalancing First Past The Post voting. The results of the UK General Election of 2024 resulted in the Labour partygaining 63% of the seats with only 34% of the vote leading to calls forelectoral reform.The First Past The Post (FPTP) voting system that delivered this result hasbeen in use since the Middle Ages and was challenged by referendum in 2011 whenit beat the Alternative Vote system by 68% to 32%.This paper presents a variation on FPTP in which only the seats with thelargest votes are awarded to what would have been the winning party up to thelevel of their vote share. The remaining seats are then divided based on howmany spare votes there are in neighbouring seats.

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Rebalancing First Past The Post voting. The results of the UK General Election of 2024 resulted in the Labour partygaining 63% of the seats with only 34% of the vote leading to calls forelectoral reform.The First Past The Post (FPTP) voting system that delivered this result hasbeen in use since the Middle Ages and was challenged by referendum in 2011 whenit beat the Alternative Vote system by 68% to 32%.This paper presents a variation on FPTP in which only the seats with thelargest votes are awarded to what would have been the winning party up to thelevel of their vote share. The remaining seats are then divided based on howmany spare votes there are in neighbouring seats.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Plurality block, also called as multiple non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number of seats to be filled. The candidates with the most votes are elected. The usual result when the candidates divide into parties is that the most popular party in the district sees its full slate of candidates elected, even if the party does not have support of majority of the voters. The term plurality at-large is in common usage in elections for representative members of a body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example, a city, state or province,…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system where one or more eliminations are used to simulate multiple runoff elections. In each round, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes among the remaining candidates is eliminated. This continues until only one candidate is left. Instant runoff falls under the plurality-with-elimination family of voting methods, and is thus closely related to methods like the two-round system and party primary. Instant-runoff voting is used in the national elections of several countries, especially countries which were formerly part of…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The two-round system (TRS or 2RS), sometimes called ballotage, top-two runoff, or two-round plurality, is a single-winner electoral system which aims to elect a member who has support of the majority of voters. The two-round system involves two rounds of choose-one voting, where the voter marks a single favorite candidate in each round. The two candidates with the most votes in the first round move on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality (FPP). Like instant-runoff (ranked-choice) voting and first past the post, it elects one winner. The two-round system first emerged in Fr…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A majority is more than half of a total; however, the term is commonly used with other meanings, as explained in the "Related terms" section below. It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a group consists of 31 individuals, a majority would be 16 or more individuals, while having 15 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority. A majority is different from, but often confused with, a plurality (or relative majority in British English), which is a subset larger than any other subset but not necessarily more than half the set. See the "Related terms" section below for details.