góry-i-pustynie: Tamils

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Tamils ( TAM-ilz, TAH-milz), also known by their demonym Tamilar, are a Dravidian ethnic group who natively speak the Tamil language and trace their ancestry mainly to the southern part of the Indian subcontinent. Tamil is one of the longest-surviving languages, with over two thousand years of written history, dating back to the Sangam period (between 300 BCE and 300 CE). Tamils constitute about 5.7% of the Indian population and form the majority in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherry. They also form significant proportions of the populations in Sri Lanka (15.3%), Malaysia (7%) and Singapore (5%). Tamils have migrated world-wide since the 19th cent…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India. The tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population, it is the home of the Tamils, who speak the Tamil language, the state's official language and the first to be recognised as a classical language in India. Chennai is the state's largest city and capital. Located on the south-eastern coast of the Indian peninsula, Tamil Nadu is straddled by the Western Ghats and Deccan Plateau in the west, the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Eastern Coastal Plains lining the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait to the south-east, the Laccadive Sea at the southern cape of the peninsula, with the river Kaveri b…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The region of Tamil Nadu in the southeast of modern India, shows evidence of having had continuous human habitation from 15,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. Throughout its history, spanning the early Upper Paleolithic age to modern times, this region has coexisted with various external cultures. The three ancient Tamil dynasties, namely the Chera, the Chola, and the Pandya, were of ancient origins. Together, they ruled over this land with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of some of the oldest extant literature in the world. These three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other vying for hegemony over the land. Invasion by the Kalabhras during the 3rd century disturb…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

POPULATION TRENDS OF RICE GREEN LEAFHOPPERS IN CAUVERY DELTA ZONE OF TAMIL NADU. Peak occurrence of green leafhoppers (GLH) was observed during September and October months of the three years 1991 93. The species composition in light-trap and field collections revealed that Nephotettix virescens dominated over N. nigropictus. The seasonal incidence of GLH in the three defined seasons of Cauvery Delta Zone revealed that early planting of the crop in Kuruval season i... July 25 recorded low incidence of GLH than the late planted crop. The early as well as late planting of samba and thaladi season was susceptible to GLH. Among the weather factors. relative humidity and minimum temperature infl…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

Enhancing germination and seedling quality of Turkey berry (Solanum torvum) through seed dormancy-breaking methods. The Turkey berry plant (Solanum torvum Sw), used as rootstock for vegetable grafting and a key medicinal species in Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM), and homeopathy from the Solanaceae family, faces challenges in commercial cultivation due to seed dormancy, which inhibits germination. To enhance the germination and seedling quality characteristics of Turkey berries, an experiment was therefore carried out in the Department of Vegetable Sciences at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, in the years 2022–2023. In this study, effectiveness of seed dormancy-breaking…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

ADRH 4: A PROMISING SHORT DURATION RICE HYBRID FOR TAMIL NADU. The performance of rice hybrids was studied during the years 1994- 1997 under multilocation trials in various research stations of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The results indicated that the short duration (110-120 days) hybrid ADHR 4 was found to be promising.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Pandya Nadu or Pandi Nadu is a geographical region comprising the southern and south-western parts of the present day state of Tamil Nadu. The region is bounded on its West by the Venad/Ay Nadu, Northeast by the Chola Nadu and Northwest by the Kongu Nadu. It comprises the present-day districts of Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, Sivaganga, Virudhunagar, Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli, Tenkasi, Thoothukudi and Kanniyakumari. The region was the principal historic seat of the Pandya dynasty who ruled it intermittently and with differing capacities at least from the 4th century BCE to 1759 CE. The political capital of the region is the city of Madurai with Korkai serving as a secondary capital and the pr…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Madurai is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai district, which is governed by the Madurai Municipal Corporation established on 1 November 1866. As of the 2011 census, it is the third largest metropolis in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Coimbatore in terms of population and 27th largest urban agglomeration in India. Located on the banks of Vaigai River, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years. It is often referred to as "Thoongaa Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps". Madurai is one of the oldest cities in India and Sout…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Tamil culture dates back thousands of years. The Tamil people speak the Tamil language, one of the classical languages of India. Archaeological evidence from the Tamilakam region indicates a continuous history of human occupation for more than 3,800 years. Historically, the region was inhabited by Tamil-speaking people. It was ruled by various kingdoms such as the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) triumvirate of the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas, the Pallavas (3rd–9th century CE), and the later Vijayanagara Empire (14th–17th century CE). European colonization began in the 17th century CE, and continued for two centuries until the Indian Independence in 1947. Due to its long his…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Sri Lankan maternal ancestry reveals early migrations from Africa along the Indian Ocean.. The African origin of anatomically modern humans is widely accepted. However, there is ongoing debate about the route they took and whether the early expansion into Oceania was through South Asia. Despite Sri Lanka being an island South Asian nation with the earliest known human fossils in South Asia and strategically located along a putative 'southern route', a comprehensive examination of its temporal settlement using high-resolution complete mitochondrial DNA analysis has never been conducted. To address this gap, 139 mitogenomes were sequenced in this study from the Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamil, an…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Early Sri Lankan coastal site tracks technological change and estuarine resource exploitation over the last ca. 25,000 years.. The island of Sri Lanka was part of the South Asian mainland for the majority of the past 115,000 years, and connected most recently during the Last Glacial Maximum via the now submerged Palk Strait. The degree to which rising sea levels shaped past human adaptations from the Pleistocene and into the mid to late Holocene in Sri Lanka has remained unclear, in part because the earliest reliable records of human occupation come from the island's interior, where cave sites have revealed occupation of tropical forest ecosystems extending back to 48 thousand years (ka). T…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

What Is the Acheulean?. The Acheulean represents the longest cultural period known to human history, lasting globally for more than 1.75 million years. It may have emerged as early as 1.95 Ma in Africa, spreading throughout much of the continent and then into Eurasia and lasting up to 350-200 ka in western Europe and South Asia, and even later in eastern Asia. Originally defined in the 1870s, the term Acheulean is one of the earliest and most contested classifications in prehistoric archaeology. Almost 150 years after its first appearance, it remains a source of continuous debate. This paper summarizes roundtable discussions that took place at the Musée de l'Homme (Paris) in November 2025 t…