żyrafy-i-kopytne: Tyrannosaurus

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Tyrannosaurus () is a genus of large theropod dinosaur. The type species Tyrannosaurus rex (rex meaning 'king' in Latin), often shortened to T. rex or colloquially T-Rex, is one of the best represented theropods. It lived throughout what is now western North America, on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia. Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in geological formations which have been dated to the late Maastrichtian age of the late Cretaceous period, 69 to 66 million years ago, with isolated specimens possibly indicating an earlier origin in the middle Campanian age. It was one of the last known members of the tyrannosaurids and am…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 92

Evidence: 74 • authority: 72

Tyrannosauridae (or tyrannosaurids, meaning "tyrant lizards") is a family of coelurosaurian dinosaurs that comprises two subfamilies containing up to fifteen genera, including the eponymous Tyrannosaurus. The exact number of genera is controversial, with some experts recognizing as few as three. All of these animals lived near the end of the Cretaceous period and their fossils have been found only in North America and Asia. Well-known genera include Tyrannosaurus, Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and Dynamoterror. Although descended from smaller ancestors, tyrannosaurids were almost always the largest predators in their respective ecosystems, putting them at the apex…

Evidence: 71 • authority: 72

Evidence: 60 • authority: 72

Tarbosaurus ( TAR-bə-SOR-əs; meaning "alarming lizard") is a genus of large tyrannosaurid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period. It contains the type and single species Tarbosaurus bataar, which is known from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia, with more fragmentary remains found further afield in the Subashi Formation of China. Tarbosaurus is represented by dozens of fossil specimens, including several complete skulls and skeletons. These remains have allowed studies focusing on its phylogeny, skull mechanics, and brain structure. Further fossil remains have been reported from other geologic formations of Asia, however, these remains are fragm…

Evidence: 55 • authority: 72

Gorgosaurus ( GOR-gə-SOR-əs; lit. 'dreadful lizard') is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period (Campanian), between about 76.5 and 73 million years ago. Fossil remains have been found in Western Canada as well as the U.S. state of Montana. Paleontologists recognize only the type species, G. libratus, although other species have been erroneously referred to the genus. Like most known tyrannosaurids, Gorgosaurus was a large bipedal predator, measuring 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) in length and 2–3 metric tons (2.2–3.3 short tons) in body mass. Dozens of large, sharp teeth lined its jaws, while its two-fingered forelimbs were c…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Giganotosaurus ( GIG-ə-NOH-tə-SOR-əs) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Argentina, during the Albian age of the Early Cretaceous period, approximately 111 to 106 million years ago. The holotype specimen was discovered in the Candeleros Formation of Patagonia in 1993 and is almost 70% complete. The animal was named Giganotosaurus carolinii in 1995; the genus name translates to "giant southern lizard", and the specific name honors the discoverer, Ruben Carolini. A dentary bone, a tooth, and some tracks, discovered before the holotype, were later assigned to this animal. The genus attracted much interest and became part of a scientific debate about the maximum siz…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Evidence: 45 • authority: 92

Comparative cranial biomechanics reveal macroevolutionary trends in theropod dinosaurs, with emphasis on Tyrannosauroidea.. Tyrannosaurus is viewed as a model organism in vertebrate paleontology, with numerous studies analyzing its feeding biomechanics. Nonetheless, the evolution of this feeding performance has been under-addressed in Tyrannosauroidea, especially in basal tyrannosauroids. Here we used muscle-force reconstruction and finite element analysis (FEA) to quantify the cranial performance of tyrannosauroids and outgroup theropod clades. 2D (planar) cranial models, set to standardized skull lengths and jaw adductor forces, were used to analyze the evolution of feeding behavior in a…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Evidence: 39 • authority: 92

The Evolution of Hunting Strategies in Tyrannosaurus rex: Analyzing Bite Force and Predatory Behavior. This literature review aims to gain a deeper understanding of the anatomy behind the jaw strength of Tyrannosaurus rex and analyze how these features contribute to its predatory behavior. This review will examine various studies and fossil excavations, exploring ideas such as the bite force of T. rex and its variations across different life stages. This will be obtained from numerous biomechanical models of both juvenile and adult Tyrannosaurus rex, as well as reference animals and dinosaurs for comparison. To provide additional information behind T. rex’s hunting techniques, we will…