króliki-i-zające: Lagomorpha

Evidence: 36 • authority: 90

Lagomorphs are very prolific mammals with a rich fossil record, which particularly increased over the last years by washing and screening techniques for microfossil recovery. Fossil remains of lagomorphs have been extensively documented in the Old World and North America from Early Paleogene onwards (around 45 Ma). Lagomorph diversity is much larger in the fossil record than in the biosphere. Only 12 genera and about 75 lagomorph species are still living in recent times, most of them almost devoid of paleontological record. In contrast, around 75 genera and more than 230 species, most of them already extinct, are represented in the fossil record of Lagomorpha. The local faunas today rarely contain more than three sympatric lagomorphs, frequently just one or two taxa. Instead, up to eight lagomorph species coexisted in local paleofaunas. This pattern constitutes a rare case in the recorded history of organisms, since the fossil record even in well-represented groups contains a lower number of species than the biosphere. Only declining groups, such as brachiopods or perissodactyl mammals, show higher diversity in the past than in the present, which denotes that lagomorph lineages are also declining in recent times. Many students of fossil lagomorphs are not referenced because limitations of space. For additional information, the reader is referred among others to works by C. Angelone, R. Angermann, B. Bohlin, H. deBruijn, J.J. Burke, B.Q. Cai, C. Callou, O. Carranza-Castaneda, S. Cermak, G. Daxner, R.J. Emry, M. Erbajeva, O. Fejfar, F. Fladerer, L.J. Flynn, C.J. Forsyth Major, L. Fostowicz-Frelik, D. Geraads, M. Green, A.A. Gureev, K. Heißig, C.W. Hibbard, F.E. Koby, Y. Lei, D.G. MacInness, C. deMuizon, G. Nocchi, M.V. Pages, R. Patniak, Z.D. Qiu, J. Quintana, C. Radulesco, B. Sala, P. Sampson, S. Sen, N.S. Shevyreva, J.E. Storer, E. Unay, Y. Tang, H. Tobien, J. Viret, A. Winkler and the authors of The Palaeobiology Database ( http://paleodb.org ). The Lagomorph Fossil Record and the Origin of the European Rabbit | Springer Nature Link

Evidence: 59 • authority: 92

Molecules and fossils tell distinct yet complementary stories of mammal diversification.. Reconstructing the tempo at which biodiversity arose is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biologists, yet the relative merits of evolutionary-rate estimates are debated based on whether they are derived from the fossil record or time-calibrated phylogenies (timetrees) of living species. Extinct lineages unsampled in timetrees are known to "pull" speciation rates downward, but the temporal scale at which this bias matters is unclear. To investigate this problem, we compare mammalian diversification-rate signatures in a credible set of molecular timetrees (n = 5,911 species, ∼70% from DNA) to those in f…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 80

Figure 7: Lateral views of fossil and extant species that represent the likely cranial macroevolutionary history of Lagomorpha, evolutionary relationships discussed in Flynn et al. (2014).

Evidence: 47 • authority: 92

Not so unique to Primates: The independent adaptive evolution of TRIM5 in Lagomorpha lineage.. The plethora of restriction factors with the ability to inhibit the replication of retroviruses have been widely studied and genetic hallmarks of evolutionary selective pressures in Primates have been well documented. One example is the tripartite motif-containing protein 5 alpha (TRIM5α), a cytoplasmic factor that restricts retroviral infection in a species-specific fashion. In Lagomorphs, similarly to what has been observed in Primates, the specificity of TRIM5 restriction has been assigned to the PRYSPRY domain. In this study, we present the first insight of an intra-genus variability within th…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 72

The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the late Carboniferous period. By the mid-Triassic, there were many synapsid species that looked like mammals. The lineage leading to today's mammals split up in the Jurassic; synapsids from this period include Dryolestes, more closely related to extant placentals and marsupials than to monotremes, as well as Ambondro, more closely related to monotremes. Later on, the eutherian and metatherian lineages separated; the metatherians are the animals more closely related to the marsupials, while the eutherians are those more closely related to the plac…

Evidence: 47 • authority: 92

The allometry of brain size in Euarchontoglires: clade-specific patterns and their impact on encephalization quotients.. The timing and nature of evolutionary shifts in the relative brain size of Primates have been extensively studied. Less is known, however, about the scaling of the brain-to-body size in their closest living relatives, i.e., among other members of Euarchontoglires (Dermoptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha, Rodentia). Ordinary least squares (OLS), reduced major axis (RMA), and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regressions were fitted to the largest euarchontogliran data set of brain and body mass, comprising 715 species. Contrary to previous inferences, lagomorph brai…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 69

As primary consumers in the terrestrial ecosystem and having an abundant fossil record, the Lagomorpha represent ideal models for studying biochronology as well as the evolution of herbivores and their response to global environmental change [27] , [28] . However, the focus of previous studies in Paleobiology was mainly in relation to faunal succession in terrestrial deposits, taxonomic description and revision, and morphological diversification [29] – [32] . Meng and McKenna [33] reported that the mammalian faunal composition in northern China and Mongolia changed from perissodactyl-dominant faunas to rodent-lagomorph-dominant faunas during the Eocene/Oligocene transition in Asia, while a thorough study of the evolutionary history of ochotonids and leporids using a comprehensive sample of fossil data has not been carried out since 1967 [34] . The dynamics of lagomorphs in relation to global environmental change has not been fully studied. As for the studies of extant species, the main focus was related to molecular phylogeny, historical biogeography, intraspecific differentiation and population genetics of ochotonids or leporids [2] , [35] – [40] , whereas a combined study of these animals is lacking. Combining fossil records and molecular data is important for a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary history of different vertebrates [41] – [43] . For these reasons we consider it timely to compare fossil records between ochotonids and leporids and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Lagomorpha in the context of global environmental change. Based on fossil records, the stem Lagomorpha were mainly derived in Asia, in China and Mongolia [78] – [82] . Fossil records showed that ochotonids have 32 genera with approximately 180 species formally described, about 150 of which suffered the fate of extinction (updated from [45] ). The formally nominated leporids include about 45 genera with more than 190 species, at least 130 of which became extinct. The validity of several species is controversial since the fossil taxa may be oversplit [82] , while the occurrences (in both period and locality) provide important information for understanding the long-term evolutionary history of these animals. Although species within Lagomorpha are derived from a common ancestor, the distribution range and body size of its two extant groups, ochotonids and leporids, are quite differentiated. It is unclear what has driven their disparate evolutionary history. In this study, we compile and update all fossil records of Lagomorpha for the first time, to trace the evolutionary processes and infer their evolutionary history using mitochondrial genes, body length and distribution of extant species. We also compare the forage selection of extant species, which offers an insight into their future prospects. The earliest lagomorphs originated in Asia and later diversified in different continents. Within ochotonids, more than 20 genera occupied the period from the early Miocene to middle Miocene, whereas most of them became extinct during the transition from the Miocene to Pliocene. The peak diversity of the leporids occurred during the Miocene to Pliocene transition, while their diversity dramatically decreased in the late Quaternary. Mantel tests identified a positive correlation between body length and phylogenetic distance of lagomorphs. The body length of extant ochotonids shows a normal distribution, while the body length of extant leporids displays a non-normal pattern. We also find that the forage selection of extant pikas features a strong preference for C 3 plants, while for the diet of leporids, more than 16% of plant species are identified as C 4 (31% species are from Poaceae). The ability of several leporid species to consume C 4 plants is likely to result in their size increase and range expansion, most notably in Lepus . Expansion of C 4 plants in the late Miocene, the so-called ‘nature’s green revolution’, induced by global environmental change, is suggested to be one of the major ‘ecological opportunities’, which probably drove large-scale extinction and range contraction of ochotonids, but inversely promoted diversification and range expansion of leporids.

Evidence: 42 • authority: 88

A continental-scale analysis reveals the latitudinal gradient of stomatal density across amphistomatous species: Evolutionary history vs. present-day environment. Abstract Amphistomy is a potential method for increasing photosynthetic rate; however, latitudinal gradients of stomatal density across amphistomatous species and their drivers remain unknown. Here, the adaxial stomatal density (SD ad ) and abaxial stomatal density (SD ab ) of 486 amphistomatous species-site combinations, belonging to 32 plant families, were collected from China, and their total stomatal density (SD total ) and stomatal ratio (SR) were calculated. Overall, these four stomatal traits did not show significant phylog…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

This paleomammalogy list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2019, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

This paleomammology list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2022, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during 2022.

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

This paleomammology list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2021, as well as notes other significant paleomammology discoveries and events which occurred during 2021.

Evidence: 0 • authority: 91