infrastruktura: Field electron emission

Evidence: 49 • authority: 88

The role of Hurst exponent on cold field electron emission from conducting materials: from electric field distribution to Fowler-Nordheim plots. Abstract This work considers the effects of the Hurst exponent ( H ) on the local electric field distribution and the slope of the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plot when considering the cold field electron emission properties of rough Large-Area Conducting Field Emitter Surfaces (LACFESs). A LACFES is represented by a self-affine Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function in a given spatial direction. For 0.1 ≤ H < 0.5, the local electric field distribution exhibits two clear exponential regimes. Moreover, a scaling between the macroscopic current density ("Equation…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 92

Progress in the experimental and computational methods of work function evaluation of materials: A review.. The work function, which determines the behaviour of electrons in a material, remains a crucial factor in surface science to understand the corrosion rates and interfacial engineering in making photosensitive and electron-emitting devices. The present article reviews the various experimental methods and theoretical models employed for work function measurement along with their merits and demerits are discussed. Reports from the existing methods of work function measurements that Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is the most suitable measurement technique over other experimental met…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Fowler–Nordheim Theory of Field Emission

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Electric field and temperature dependence of the stress induced leakage current: Fowler–Nordheim or Schottky emission?

Evidence: 34 • authority: 80

Field Electron Emission from Metals

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Field electron emission, also known as field-induced electron emission, field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is the emission of electrons from a material placed in an electrostatic field. The most common context is field emission from a solid surface into a vacuum. However, field emission can take place from solid or liquid surfaces, into a vacuum, a fluid (e.g. air), or any non-conducting or weakly conducting dielectric. The field-induced promotion of electrons from the valence to conduction band of semiconductors (the Zener effect) can also be regarded as a form of field emission. Field emission in pure metals occurs in high electric fields: the gradients are typically higher…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or surmount the barrier. Tunnelling is a consequence of the wave nature of matter and quantum indeterminacy. The quantum wave function describes the states of a particle or other physical system and wave equations such as the Schrödinger equation describe their evolution. In a system with a short, narrow potential barrier, a small part of wavefunction can appear outside of the bar…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In solid-state physics, the Poole–Frenkel effect (also known as Frenkel–Poole emission) is a model describing the mechanism of trap-assisted electron transport in an electrical insulator. It is named after Yakov Frenkel, who published on it in 1938, extending the theory previously developed by H. H. Poole. Electrons can move slowly through an insulator by the following process. The electrons are generally trapped in localized states (loosely speaking, they are "stuck" to a single atom, and not free to move around the crystal). Occasionally, random thermal fluctuations will give an electron enough energy to leave its localized state, and move to the conduction band. Once there, the electron…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed in 1927, principally by Arnold Sommerfeld, who combined the classical Drude model with quantum mechanical Fermi–Dirac statistics and hence it is also known as the Drude–Sommerfeld model. Given its simplicity, it is surprisingly successful in explaining many experimental phenomena, especially the Wiedemann–Franz law which relates electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity; the temperature dependence of the electron heat capacity; the shape of the electronic density of states; the range of binding energy values; electrical conductivitie…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS), also known as a floating-gate MOS transistor or floating-gate transistor, is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) where the gate is electrically isolated, creating a floating node in direct current, and a number of secondary gates or inputs are deposited above the floating gate (FG) and are electrically isolated from it. These inputs are only capacitively connected to the FG. Since the FG is surrounded by highly resistive material, the charge contained in it remains unchanged for long periods of time, typically longer than 10 years in modern devices. Usually Fowler-Nordheim tunneling or hot-carrier injection mechanisms are us…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim (November 7, 1899 – October 5, 1985) was a German–American theoretical physicist. He was a pioneer in the applications of quantum mechanics to solid-state problems, such as thermionic emission, work function of metals, field electron emission, rectification in metal-semiconductor contacts and electrical resistance in metals and alloys. He also worked in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, cosmic rays and in nuclear physics.

Evidence: — • authority: 80

New positive charge trapping dynamics in SiO2 gate oxide, based on bulk impact ionization processes under Fowler–Nordheim stress