fermentacja: Bacteriophage

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a phage (), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. The term is derived from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to devour' and bacteria. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have structures that are either simple or elaborate. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes (e.g. MS2) and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Marine life, which is also known as sea life or ocean life, refers to all the marine organisms that live in salt water habitats, or ecological communities that encompass all aquatic animals, plants, algae, fungi, protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline water of marine habitats, either the seawater of marginal seas and oceans, or the brackish water of coastal wetlands, lagoons, estuaries and inland seas. As of 2023, more than 242,000 marine species have been documented, and perhaps two million marine species are yet to be documented. On average, researchers describe about 2,300 new marine species each year. The study of marine life spans multiple fi…

Evidence: 40 • authority: 72

Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary. A microorganism (or microbe) is any microscopic living organism or virus, which is invisibly small to the unaided human eye without magnification. Microorganisms are very diverse. They can be single-celled or multicellular and include bacteria, archaea, viruses, and most protozoa, as well as some fungi, algae, and animals, such as rotifers and copepods. Many macroscopic animals and plants have microscopic juvenile stages. Some microbiologists also classify viruses as microorganisms, but others consider th…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Marine viruses are defined by their habitat as viruses that are found in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of a host organism, because they need the replication machinery of the host to do so. They can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. When not inside a cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles called virions. A virion contains a genome (a long molecule that carries genetic information in the form of either DNA…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Bacteriophages Against <i>Aeromonas</i> Species in Aquaculture: An Integrative Review of Therapeutic Applications, Genomic Advances and Future Directions.. Aquaculture has become the leading source of global aquatic food production, and its continued expansion has been accompanied by an increasing burden of bacterial diseases. Aeromonas spp. are among the most damaging bacterial pathogens in aquaculture and are recognised reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance within a One Health framework. Although bacteriophages have been investigated against numerous aquaculture pathogens, evidence relating to Aeromonas -targeting phages remains dispersed across studies. This integrative revi…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Virus-host interactions in iron-oxidizing mats of the East Pacific Rise.. Iron-oxidizing microbial mats are commonly encountered features at low-temperature (<100˚C) hydrothermal vents found along the seafloor at tectonically active settings. The microbial communities in these mats are uniquely adapted to exploit the specific ecological niches within the physical and chemical gradients of their environment. A vital component for these adaptations is viral infections, although their impacts are poorly constrained. While the microbial communities of iron-oxidizing mats at seafloor hydrothermal vents have been well studied, the role of viruses in affecting these communities with respect to bio…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Viruses in marine sediments: a review of their effect on biogeochemistry and microbial interactions.. Viruses are known to impact the flow of carbon through the environment, while also impacting the microbial community around them. While this has been reexamined in recent years in the marine water column, viral impacts on marine sediments, the microbes, and carbon contained within are due for a reassessment. This review synthesizes findings from studies on marine sediment microbial communities to examine the extent of viral contribution to biogeochemical cycling, through ecological impacts as well as through cell lysis. Viruses have been shown to increase metabolic activity within the sedim…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Viral architects of the deep biosphere: reshaping the framework of sedimentary biogeochemistry.. A recent minireview by J. R. A. Williams and J. F. Biddle (Appl Environ Microbiol, 92:e00275-25, 2026, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00275-25) substantially reframes our understanding of sedimentary viruses. For decades, viruses in marine sediments have been viewed primarily as agents of mortality, their roles largely confined to the canonical "viral shunt" paradigm developed for pelagic systems. The authors expand this perspective, positioning viruses as active participants in benthic biogeochemistry-contributing to nutrient cycling, modulating microbial diversity, and influencing organic matter…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Viruses in Extreme Marine Environments and Their Potential Existence in Extraterrestrial Environments.. Viruses are abundant and widespread in extreme marine environments, such as sea ice, hydrothermal vents, and ocean trenches. They occur at temperatures up to 122 °C and down to -30 °C and pressures exceeding 100 MPa. Their distribution in these environments is closely correlated with that of their extremophile hosts, which are mostly bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes. Viruses have been shown to be capable of long-term survival in conditions simulating interstellar conditions. However, for them to reproduce, they would still need a host. Many recent astro-biological investigations hav…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Temporal, Spatial, and Environmental Variation in Virus-like Particle Abundance in the Northwestern Arabian Gulf.. Marine viruses are important components of microbial communities and influence their structure and dynamics, yet their variability remains poorly documented in the northwestern Arabian Gulf. Virus-like particle (VLP) abundance was monitored over four years at three coastal sites representing different environmental settings in Kuwait. Surface and depth samples were collected during each sampling period, along with physicochemical and nutrient data. VLP abundance fluctuated throughout the study and differed among sites and between depths. VLP counts tended to be higher at the so…