ubiór-i-moda: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel begins with the Hebrew people (later known as the Israelites) in the 2nd millennium BCE. After emerging from among the Canaanites, the Twelve Tribes of Israel are said to have established the postulated "United Monarchy" that traditionally—but possibly ahistorically—marks the beginning of ancient Israel and Judah. According to Hebrew scripture, the United Monarchy split into two separate kingdoms occupying Canaan's highland zone: the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire around 722 BCE, resulting in the Ten Lost Tribes and the Assyrian captivity; while Ju…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Jews, or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating in the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is an ethnic religion, though many ethnic Jews do not practice it. Jews regard converts to Judaism as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the long-standing conversion process. The Israelites emerged from the pre-existing Canaanite peoples to establish the kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. Originally, Jews referred to the inhabitants of Judah, and were distinguished from the gentiles and the Samaritans. Accor…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

The Second Temple period or post-exilic period in Jewish history denotes the approximately 600 years (516 BCE – 70 CE) during which the Second Temple stood in the city of Jerusalem. It began with the return to Zion after the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, and ended with the First Jewish–Roman War and the Roman siege of Jerusalem. In 587/586 BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered the Kingdom of Judah; the Judeans lost their independence upon the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, during which the First Temple was destroyed. After the Babylonians annexed Judah as a province, part of the subjugated populace was exiled to Babylon. This exilic pe…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

The history of Israel spans the Southern Levant, from prehistoric African migrations and the Natufian culture (c. 10,000 BCE) to the emergence of Canaanite civilization. During the Iron Age, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah formed, serving as the foundation for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The region was subsequently conquered by successive empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Greeks. Following a century of independence under the Hasmonean dynasty, the area fell to the Roman Republic. The Jewish–Roman wars led to massive Jewish casualties and displacement, after which a Christian majority emerged under Byzantine rule. The 7th-century Muslim conquest of the Levan…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Under the Eagle’s Wings. Abstract This chapter examines the complex dynamics of Judea, Samaria, and Galilee under direct Roman rule, beginning with governance under the early prefects through the temporary restoration of a client monarchy under Agrippa I to the period of the later procurators under whom conditions rapidly deteriorated, hostilities erupted, and the regions were propelled on a collision course with the unstoppable force of Vespasian, Titus, and their legions. Several revolutionary movements, including the peaceful but no less political movement led by Jesus of Nazareth, are explored against this background. A spectrum of factors contributing to the outbreak of hostilities aga…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Herodian kingdom of Judea was a client state of the Roman Republic, later Roman Empire, ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate. When Herod died, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian tetrarchy. The Herodian kingdom included the regions of Judea, Idumea, Samaria, and Galilee, as well as several regions east of the Jordan River—Perea, Batanaea, Auranitis, and Trachonitis.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Herodian tetrarchy was a regional division of a client state of Rome, formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE. The client kingdom was divided between Herod's sister Salome I and his sons Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip. Upon the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, his territories were transformed into a Roman province. With the death of Salome I in 10 CE, her domain was also incorporated into a province. Other parts of the Herodian tetrarchy continued to function under Herodians. Philip ruled over territories north and east of the Jordan River until 34 CE. His domain was later incorporated into the Province of Syria. Herod Antipas ruled Galilee and Perea unt…

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The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Judaea against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE. The conflict was driven by Jewish aspirations to restore the political independence lost when Rome conquered the Hasmonean kingdom, and unfolded over three major uprisings: the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), the Kitos War (116–118 CE) and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE). Some historians also include the Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE) which coincided with the Kitos War, when Jewish communities across the Eastern Mediterranean rose up against Roman rule. The Jewish–Roman wars had a devastating impact on the Jewish people, turning them from a major population in…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Judea or Judaea (; Hebrew: יהודה, Modern: Yəhūda, Tiberian: Yehūḏā; Arabic: يهودا, Yahūdā; Greek: Ἰουδαία, Ioudaía; Latin: Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Israel and the West Bank. The name is derived from the Hebrew name Yehudah, and was used during the Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Under the Hasmoneans, the Herodians, and the Romans, the term was applied to an area larger than the Judea of earlier periods. In the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt (c. 132–136 CE), the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina. The term Judea was used by English speakers for the hilly inter…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Roman Palestine is the term used by historians for the region of Palestine during the period in its history when it stood, to varying degrees, under the rule of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. Historians typically trace the period from the Roman intervention in the Hasmonean civil war in 63 BCE (uncontested), up until the transition from the pagan Roman to the Christian Byzantine Empire with the consolidation of Constantine's rule in 324 CE, but this end date varies from author to author. The Roman period can be subdivided into early and late phases, transitioning at either the First Jewish–Roman War c. 70 CE or the Bar Kokhba Revolt c. 135 CE. Some add a Middle Roman period to the…

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Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BCE by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of the King of Armenia, Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Seleucid Empire. The last few centuries of Roman Syria, before the region's incorporation into the Rashidun Caliphate, are called Late antique Syria. Following the partition of the Herodian kingdom into the Tetrarchy in 4 BCE, it was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing the northern tetrarch's territory: Iturea and Trachonitis. By the late 2nd century, the province was divided into Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The siege of Jerusalem in 63 BC occurred during the campaigns of Roman general Pompey the Great in the East, shortly after his successful conclusion of the Third Mithridatic War. Pompey had been asked to intervene in a dispute over succession to the Hasmonean throne, which turned into a war between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. His conquest of Jerusalem spelled the end of an independent Jewish state, and thus the incorporation of Judea as a client kingdom of the Roman Republic and later as a province of the Roman Empire.