codzienność: Vulgar Latin

Evidence: 97 • authority: 72

Vulgar Latin, also known as Colloquial, Popular, Spoken or Vernacular Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward. Latin was in conversational use across many centuries, in many locations, and in various contexts. Thus, Vulgar Latin as a term is both controversial and imprecise, with scholars differing in opinion as to the extent of the differences from Classical Latin and whether this broad umbrella was in some sense a distinct language or speech variety. At its extreme, the theory of a separate Vulgar Latin, first developed in the early 19th century by the French linguist François-Just-Marie Raynouard, suggested that the common speech di…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 80

Third person possessives from early Latin to late Latin and Romance

Evidence: 35 • authority: 80

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF THE ASHBURNHAM PENTATEUCH AND OTHER LATIN MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LATE PROTO-ROMANCE PERIOD — SOME QUESTIONS OF PALAEOGRAPHY AND VULGAR LATIN LINGUISTICS

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Tetrabiblos (Greek: Τετράβιβλος, lit. 'Four books'), also known as Apotelesmatiká (Greek: Ἀποτελεσματικά, lit. 'On the effects') and in Latin as Quadripartitum (lit. 'Four Parts'), is a text on the philosophy and practice of astrology, written by the Alexandrian scholar Claudius Ptolemy in Koine Greek during the 2nd century CE (c. 90 CE – 168 CE). Ptolemy's Almagest was an authoritative text on astronomy for more than a thousand years, and the Tetrabiblos, its companion volume, was equally influential in astrology, the study of the effects of astronomical cycles on earthly matters. But whilst the Almagest as an astronomical authority was superseded by acceptance of the heliocentric model of…

Evidence: 35 • authority: 72

Gallo (endonym galo) is one of the Oïl languages spoken in Western Brittany, in western France. It is traditionally spoken in Ille-et-Vilaine, Loire-Atlantique, and the eastern parts of Morbihan and Côtes-d'Armor, on the eastern side of the Breton linguistic boundary running roughly from Plouha to the Pénerf river. The eastern limit of Gallo is less clearly defined, owing to the existence of a dialect continuum with neighboring Oïl languages such as Mayennais, Norman, and Angevin. Some linguists therefore consider Gallo to extend into areas adjacent to historic Brittany, particularly within the broader region of the Armorican Massif. Because there are no universally accepted criteria for di…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Rhaeto-Romance, Rheto-Romance, or Rhaetian, is a purported subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in south-eastern Switzerland and north-eastern Italy. The name "Rhaeto-Romance" refers to the former Roman province of Raetia. The question of whether these languages actually form a subfamily is called the Questione Ladina. The Italian linguist Graziadio Ascoli, writing in 1873, found them to share a number of intricacies and believed they formed a linguistic group. The Rhaeto-Romance languages differ from Italian in their evolution from Latin by having passed through a stage with phonemic vowel length, undergone certain consonant developments, and possibly developed a pair of centr…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It was also the administrative language in the former Roman Provinces of Mauretania, Numidia and Africa Proconsularis under the Vandals, the Byzantines and the Romano-Berber Kingdoms, until it declined after the Arab Conquest. Medieval Latin in Southern and Central Visigothic Hispania, conquered by the Arabs immediately after North Africa, experienced a similar fate, only recovering its importance after the Reconquista by the Northern Christian Kingdoms. In this region, it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functi…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Ecclesiastical Latin, also called Church Latin or Liturgical Latin, is a form of Latin developed to discuss Christian thought in late antiquity and used in Christian liturgy, theology, and church administration to the present day, especially in the Catholic Church. It includes words from Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew) re-purposed with Christian meaning. It is less stylized and more rigid in form than Classical Latin, sharing vocabulary, forms, and syntax, while at the same time incorporating informal elements which had always been with the language yet excluded by the literary authors of Classical Latin. Its pronunciation was partly standardized in the late 8…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of written Latin of late antiquity. English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the 3rd to 6th centuries CE, and continuing into the 7th century in the Iberian Peninsula. This somewhat ambiguously defined version of Latin was used between the eras of Classical Latin and Medieval Latin. Scholars do not agree exactly when Classical Latin should end or Medieval Latin should begin. Being a written language, Late Latin is not the same as Vulgar Latin, or more specifically, the spoken Latin of the post-Imperial period. The latter is the ancestor of the Romance languages. Although Late Latin reflects an upsurge in the use of Vulg…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Romance languages, less commonly known as the Latin languages, are the languages that directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant (living) subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. The most prominent Romance languages include Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian and Catalan. The Romance languages spread throughout the world owing to the period of European colonialism beginning in the 15th century. There are more than 900 million native speakers of Romance languages found worldwide, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and parts of Africa. French, Spanish, and Portuguese also have many non-native speakers; they are widely used as lingua f…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Classical Latin is the form of Latin recognized as a literary standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. It developed around 75 BC from Old Latin, and developed by the 3rd century AD into Late Latin. In some later periods, the former was regarded as good or proper Latin, while the latter was seen as debased, degenerate, or corrupted. The word Latin is now understood by default to mean "Classical Latin"; for example, modern Latin textbooks almost exclusively teach Classical Latin. Cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic referred to the Latin language, in contrast to other languages such as Greek, as lingua latina or sermo latinus. They distinguished the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Latin (lingua Latina or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. It has greatly influenced many languages, including English, having contributed many words to the English lexicon, particularly after the Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest. Latin roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology, the sciences, medicine, a…