street-food: Agra

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Agra (; Hindi: Āgarā, pronounced [ˈaːɡɾaː] ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is a part of Western Uttar Pradesh, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) south-east of the national capital Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. It is also part of the Braj region. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India. Agra's notable historical period began during Sikandar Khan Lodi's reign, but the golden age of the city began with the Mughals in the early 16th century. Agra was the foremost city of the Indian subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal…

Evidence: 79 • authority: 72

The decline of the Mughal Empire was a period in Indian history roughly between the early 18th century and mid-19th century during which the Mughal Empire, which once dominated the subcontinent, experienced a sharp decline. Several factors are frequently cited to be responsible for the decline, including the wars of succession, various rebellions (Maratha, Rajput, Sikh and Jat), the Afghan and Iranian invasions, and the rise of the British East India Company. The period is usually considered to have begun with the death of Bahadur Shah I in 1712 and ended with the deposition of Bahadur Shah II in 1857. A number of provinces became hereditary vassal monarchies who ruled nominally in the name…

Evidence: 66 • authority: 72

The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty, ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly encompassing the modern-day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526, and by 1707 they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, their power declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 80

Mughal Decline, Climate Change, and Britain's Industrial Ascent: An Integrated Perspective on India's 18th and 19th Century Deindustrialization

Evidence: 52 • authority: 88

Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th Century India: Mughal Decline, Climate Shocks and British Industrial Ascent. India was a major player in the world export market for textiles in the early 18th century, but by the middle of the 19th century it had lost all of its export market and much of its domestic market, primarily to Britain. The ensuing deindustrialization was greatest c1750-c1860. We ask how much of India’s deindustrialization was due to local supply-side forces -- such as political fragmentation and a rising incidence of drought, and how much to world price shocks. An open, three-sector neo-Ricardian model organizes our thinking and new relative price database implements the empi…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

The Mughal economy, covering the Indian subcontinent from the early sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century, was one of the largest in the early modern world. At its peak under Akbar and his successors, it generated an estimated 22–24 per cent of global gross domestic product (GDP) and produced roughly a quarter of world manufacturing output. While the Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, the Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. The economy in South Asia during the Mughal era increased in productivity compared to medieval times. Mughal India's economy has been described as a form of pro…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Mughal architecture is the style of architecture which developed in the Mughal Empire during the 16th–18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in South Asia. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Indo-Islamic architecture and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly the Timurid architecture. It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture, especially during the reign of Akbar (r. 1556–1605). Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentat…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India. The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a Timurid prince hailing from the Fergana Valley in Central Asia, who, with assistance from the Safavid and Ottoman empires, defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat and swept down the plains of northern India. The Mughal imperial structure, how…

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Contested Meanings of the Mughal Empire into the Twenty-First Century