rekordy: Foodborne illness

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Foodborne illness (also known as foodborne disease and food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the contamination of food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites, as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes. While contaminants directly cause some symptoms, many effects of foodborne illness result from the body's immune response to these agents, which can vary significantly between individuals and populations based on prior exposure. Symptoms vary depending on the cause. They often include vomiting, fever, aches, and diarrhea and dehy…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin or extrinsic factor, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of B vitamins. It plays an essential role in the nervous system by supporting myelin synthesis. It is needed for DNA synthesis and for the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It serves also as a vital cofactor in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. As humans cannot make it, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient. Animals require B12 but plants do not, relying instead on alternative enzymatic pathways. Vitamin B12 is the most chemically complex of all vitamins, and is synthesized exclusively by certain archaea and bacteria. Natural f…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The process of digestion has three stages: the cephalic phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase. The first stage, the cephalic phase of digestion, begins with secretions from gastric glands in response to the sight and smell of food, and continues in the mouth with the mechanical breakdown of food by chewing, and the chemical breakdown by digestive enzymes in the saliva. Saliva c…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one), but have also been seen in a variety of nonruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally. Paratuberculosis is found worldwide, with some states in Australia (where it is usually called bovine Johne's disease or BJD) being the only areas proven to be free of the disease. At least in Canada, the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in soil, food, and marine sponges. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness due to their spore-forming nature, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals, and even exhibit mutualism with certain plants. B. cereus bacteria may be aerobes or facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. They have a wide range of virulence factors, including phospholipase C, cereulide, sphingomyelinase, metalloproteases, and cytotoxi…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea lasting a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This can in turn result in sunken eyes, cold or cyanotic skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of the hands and feet, and, in severe cases, death. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure. Cholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others. It i…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The gastrointestinal tract (also called the GI tract, digestive tract,Gut and the alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract is one of the largest of the body's systems. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled at the anus as feces. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. Most animals have a "through-gut" or complete digestive tract. Exceptions are more primit…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Flatulence is the expulsion of gas from the intestines via the anus, commonly referred to as farting. "Flatus" is the medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. A proportion of intestinal gas may be swallowed environmental air; hence, flatus is not entirely generated in the stomach or bowels. The scientific study of this area of medicine is termed flatology. Passing gas is a normal bodily process. Flatus is brought to the rectum and pressurized by muscles in the intestines. It is normal to pass flatus ("to fart"), though volume and frequency vary greatly among individuals. It is also normal for intestinal gas to have a feculent or unpleasant odor, which may be intense. The noi…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

THE ELIMINATION OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD THROUGH THE WALL OF THE INTESTINE

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Survival and metabolic activity of the GanedenBC³⁰ strain of <i>Bacillus coagulans</i> in a dynamic <i>in vitro</i> model of the stomach and small intestine. We have investigated the survival and activity of GanedenBC 30 during passage through the upper gastro-intestinal tract. GanedenBC 30 was tested in a dynamic, validated, in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine (TIM-1) on survival and its potential to aid in digestion of milk protein, lactose and fructose. The survival of GanedenBC 30 was high (70%), although germination of the spores was minimal (<10%) under the conditions tested. Survival of the strain in the presence of lactose and fructose was markedly lower (56…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Modern concepts of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.. Purpose of review Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been a recognized condition for more than half a century. Early descriptions of SIBO were based on the concept of colonic bacteria "backing up" into the small intestine. This was based on techniques using unprotected aspiration catheters and earlier culture techniques. Recent advances in breath testing, small bowel sampling, culture techniques, and next generation sequencing have helped expand our understanding of SIBO. Recent findings "SIBO" is now understood to encompass at least three different types of overgrowth including SIBO, intestinal methanogen overgrowth (…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Unveiling the rumen-microbiome-brain circuit: a unique dimension of gut-brain axis in ruminants.. Gut-brain communication via the peripheral neural network is vital for regulating local digestive function and systemic physiology. Gut microbiota, which produces a wide array of neuroactive compounds, is a critical modulator in this bidirectional dialog. Perturbations in the gut microbiota have been implicated in neurological disorders such as depression and stress. Distinct from humans and other monogastric animals, ruminants possess a unique, microbially dense gastrointestinal compartment, the rumen, that facilitates the digestion of fibrous plant materials. These ruminal microbes are likely…