granice: Po (river)

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The Po ( POH, Italian: [ˈpɔ]) is the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy, starting from the Cottian Alps. The river's length is 652 km (405 mi), or 682 km (424 mi) if the Maira, a right bank tributary, is included. The headwaters of the Po are formed by a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po under the northwest face of Monviso. The Po then extends along the 45th parallel north before ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice. Draining a basin of 74,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi), the Po is characterized by its large discharge (several rivers over 1,000 km have a discharge inferior or equal to the…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 88

Flow Regime and Nutrient-Loading Trends from the Largest South European Watersheds: Implications for the Productivity of Mediterranean and Black Sea’s Coastal Areas. In the last century, large watersheds in Southern Europe have been impacted by a combination of anthropogenic and climatic pressures, which have rapidly evolved to change the ecological status of freshwater and coastal systems. A comparative analysis was performed for Ebro, Rhône, Po and Danube rivers, to investigate if they exhibited differential dynamics in hydrology and water quality that can be linked to specific human and natural forces acting at sub-continental scales. Flow regime series were analyzed from daily to multi-…

Evidence: 77 • authority: 88

Morphostructure, Growth Patterns, and Tectonic Control of the Rhone and Nile Deep-Sea Fans: A Comparison. ABSTRACT The Rhone and the Nile rivers shape the sediment distribution of the Ligurian and the Levantine basins in the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. Both rivers cut huge canyons in their bed rock during the Messinian desiccation of the Mediterranean, and the subsequent early Pliocene marine transgression reached far inland both in France and in Egypt. The sediment supply of both rivers was affected by climatic variations during the Pleistocene, but whereas glacial periods were associated with reduced water flow in the Rhone, they can be correlated with enhanced flow of the Nile. The…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 88

Long-term changes of water flow, water temperature and heat flux of two largest arctic rivers of European Russia, Northern Dvina and Pechora. Abstract The phases of long-lasting (more than 10–15 years) increased and decreased water flow, water temperature and heat flux values in the Northern Dvina River and the Pechora River were studied for the observation period from the 1930s to 2020. To distinguish between different phases, statistical homogeneity tests and normalized cumulative deviation curves were used. Generally, the identified phases displayed statistically significant differences between average values of the measured characteristics. During contrasting phases, the general pattern…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 88

Simplified Environmental Flow Metrics and Environmental Water Requirements for Mediterranean Seasonal Rivers. ABSTRACT The flow regime of a river is well established as being one of the key drivers of riverine ecosystem type, diversity and condition. This is especially true of seasonal rivers that experience a cease to flow period over the dry months of the year. To effectively assess changes in the components of the flow regime, it is required that flow data be quantified into metrics for ease of assessment and to effectively relate changes to environmental outcomes. Previous methods have used large numbers of, often complex, flow metrics to assess the flow regime. These metrics are often…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 88

Simplified environmental flow metrics and environmental water requirements for Mediterranean seasonal rivers. 1. The flow regime of a river is well established as being one of the key drivers of riverine ecosystem type, diversity and condition. This is especially true of seasonal rivers that experience a cease to flow period over the dry months of the year. 2. In order to effectively assess changes to the flow regime, it is required that flow data be quantified into metrics for ease of assessment and to effectively relate changes to environmental outcomes. 3. Previous methods have used large numbers of, often complex, flow metrics to assess the flow regime. These metrics are often highly in…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 72

The list of drainage basins by area identifies basins (also known as "catchments" or, in North American usage, "watersheds"), sorted by area, which drain to oceans, mediterranean seas, rivers, lakes and other water bodies. All basins larger than 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) are included as well as selected smaller basins. It includes drainage basins which do not flow to the ocean (endorheic basins). It includes oceanic sea drainage basins which have hydrologically coherent areas (oceanic seas are set by IHO convention). The oceans drain approximately 83% of the land in the world. The other 17% – an area larger than the basin of the Arctic Ocean – drains to internal endorheic basins. There ar…

Evidence: 53 • authority: 72

Rivers are natural drainage channels. They collect runoff from precipitation and groundwater and discharge it into oceans or lakes. The main watercourse is determined by its water volume, length, or highest source. River size is determined by three factors: discharge, length, and drainage basin.

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Effects of variations in po river discharge on physical water characteristics and chlorophyll-a levels in the gulf of manfredonia. Abstract Rivers remarkably contribute to the transfer of fresh water and nutrients between land and marine ecosystems, underscoring their essential ecological role. The Po River contributes approximately one-third of the total freshwater discharge into the Adriatic Sea. Despite its importance, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of Po River discharge on the physical and biological characteristics of specific regions within the Adriatic Sea, such as the Gulf of Manfredonia. By using ocean model results and satellite data for 2014, 2015, 2016, and…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Temporal Variation of Water Quality at Katse Dam Inflow Rivers, Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa: A Correlation Analysis Using Different Indices. Abstract Accurate water quality assessment of an extensive reservoir catchment requires precise knowledge of all environmental impacts taking place. The water quality of the Katse Dam (KD) inflow rivers is affected by mining effluents, livestock waste and household waste discharge to varying extents. The study aims to compare the cumulative effects of mining and anthropogenic activities on the five inflow rivers through the application of the water quality index (WQI) and the eutrophication Index (EI), during the first decade (FD), (2003 to 2013…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Upstream migration of the invasive blue crab in the Po River, Italy, highlights the vulnerability of freshwater ecosystems.. The Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the most rapidly expanding invaders in the Mediterranean Sea, where it has established populations across all coastal and estuarine habitats. While its impacts in these environments are well documented, little is known about its occurrence and ecological role in inland waters. This study provides the first evidence of significant upstream migration of blue crabs along the Po River and nearby branches (Northern Italy), beyond typical coastal habitat distributions. Blue crab occurrences were based on 50 validated ge…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Spatial-temporal distribution differences of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and potential eutrophication assessment in the Pearl River Estuary.. Estuaries serve as critical land-sea interfaces with high ecological and socioeconomic value, yet they are increasingly threatened by excessive anthropogenic nutrient inputs due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. These inputs have intensified eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and hypoxia in estuarine systems globally. The Pearl River Estuary (PRE), southern China's largest estuary, receives substantial nutrient loads from both riverine discharge and intense human activities in the highly urbanized Pearl River Delta. Using long-term…