starożytność: Jews

Evidence: 91 • authority: 72

Israeli Jews or Jewish Israelis (Hebrew: יהודים ישראלים Yêhūdīm Yīśrāʾēlīm) comprise Israel's largest ethnoreligious community. The core of their demographic consists of Jews and their descendants. About 46% of the global Jewish population resides in Israel; yerida is historically uncommon and offset by aliyah, (although in 2024 and 2025 Israel experienced net negative migration: yerida was higher than aliyah.); those who do emigrate from the country typically move to the Western world. As such, the Israeli diaspora is closely tied to the broader Jewish diaspora. Israel is widely described as a melting pot for the various Jewish ethnic divisions, primarily consisting of Ashkenazi Jews, Seph…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 80

3. “To Work with Jews, Not Only for Jews”: Alison Wood and the Jewish Relief Unit

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Iranian Jews, also known as Persian Jews, constitute one of the oldest communities of the Jewish diaspora. Dating back to the biblical era, they originate from the Jews who arrived in Iran as Babylonian captives. Books of the Hebrew Bible (i.e., Esther, Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah) bring together an extensive narrative shedding light on contemporary Jewish life experiences in ancient Iran; there has been a continuous Jewish presence in Iran since at least the time of Cyrus the Great (the 6th century BCE), who led the Achaemenid army's conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and subsequently freed the Judahites from the Babylonian captivity. After 1979, Jewish emigration from Iran incre…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Like Other (Mixed Parentage) Jews, Only More So:

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Figure 1.9. Hungary is the only OECD country where more than half of all well-being averages improved

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

See Mizrahi Jews, for more information about the Eastern Jews. Maghrebi Jews (מַג׳רֶבִּים or מַאגרֶבִּים, Maghrebim), are a Jewish diaspora group with a long history in the Maghreb, which includes present-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. These communities were established long before the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb and continued to develop under Muslim rule during the Middle Ages. Maghrebi Jews represent the second-largest Jewish diaspora group — approximately 1.8 million in France, Canada, Israel, Morocco, and Tunisia — with their descendants forming a major part of the global Jewish population. Maghrebi Jews have lived in multiple communities in the northern Maghreb for more t…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Australian Jews, or Jewish Australians, (Hebrew: יהודים אוסטרלים, romanized: yehudim ostralim) are Jews who are Australian citizens or permanent residents of Australia. In the 2021 census there were 99,956 people who identified Judaism as their religious affiliation and 29,113 Australians who identified as Jewish by ancestry, an increase from 97,355 and 25,716, respectively, from the 2016 census. The actual number is almost certainly higher, due to differing perceptions of Jewish identity, however Australian census data is based on religious affiliation, so secular Jews may perceive it would be inaccurate to answer with "Judaism". Also, since the question is optional, many religiously obser…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Jews, or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating in the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is an ethnic religion, though many ethnic Jews do not practice it. Jews regard converts to Judaism as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the long-standing conversion process. The Israelites emerged from the pre-existing Canaanite peoples to establish the kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. Originally, Jews referred to the inhabitants of Judah, and were distinguished from the gentiles and the Samaritans. Accor…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Sephardic Jews, also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsula Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the historic Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula and their descendants. The term "Sephardic" comes from Sepharad, the Hebrew word for Iberia. These communities flourished for centuries in Iberia until they were expelled in the late 15th century. Over time, Sephardic has also come to refer more broadly to the diverse Jewish peoples, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa, who adopted Sephardic religious customs and legal traditions (often due to the influences of exiles). Sephardic Jews form a major component of the global Jewish p…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim, are a distinct ethnic subdivision of the Jewish diaspora. The Ashkenazim emerged from the Jewish communities that consolidated during the 10th century in the Rhineland (western Germany) and in northern France, having migrated there from centers such as the Italian Peninsula and the Southern Levant. After numerous massacres of Jews during the Crusades (11th–13th centuries), they began a gradual eastward migration due to mounting restrictions within the Holy Roman Empire and the favorable policies of Casimir III the Great of Poland and others. This migration ramped up after the persecution of Jews during the Black Death…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The history of the Jews in India dates back to antiquity. Judaism was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in the Indian subcontinent in recorded history. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jose of the 2nd-century AD mentions the Jewish people of India (Hebrew: הנדויים, romanized: Hindu'im, lit. 'Hindus') in his work Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer, saying that they are required to ask for rain in the summer months (during their regular rainy season), yet make use of the format found for winter in the Amidah and cite it in the blessing "Hear our Voice" (שמע קולנו השם אלקינו, Sh'ma koleinu HaShem Elokeinu). Desi Jews are a small religious minority who have lived in the region since antiquity. They were able to…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Pakistani Jews (Urdu: پاکستانی یہودی) are a small, historic community, mainly in Karachi. Most Pakistani Jews migrated to Israel after 1948. Jewish history in Pakistan goes back to 1839 when Pakistan was part of British India. Various estimates suggest that there were about 50,000 to 60,000 Jews living in Pakistan at the beginning of the 20th century, mostly comprising Iranian Jews and Bene Israel; a substantial Jewish community lived in Rawalpindi, and a smaller community of mostly Bukharian Jews also traded and lived in Peshawar. The Partition of India in August 1947 led to the establishment of two independent sovereign states: a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. Follow…