język: Gothic language

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Gothic is a now-extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from the Codex Argenteus, a 6th-century copy of a 4th-century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizeable text corpus. It is the earliest Germanic language that is attested in any sizable texts, but it lacks any modern descendants. The oldest documents in Gothic date back to the fourth century. The language was in decline by the mid-sixth century, partly because of the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, and geographic isolation (in Spain, the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining f…

Evidence: 64 • authority: 88

Gothic and Other East Germanic Varieties. Abstract Biblical Gothic is the earliest Germanic language preserved in a longer text. The main source is represented by the Bible translation of the Visigothic Arian Christian bishop Wulfila ( born ca. 311, deceased ca. 382–383). Another few short Gothic texts are extant. For the translation of the Bible (ca. 350–380), on the basis of a Greek text, Wulfila invented his own alphabet (called Wulfila’s alphabet), using the Greek alphabet as model, with the addition of Latin and runic characters. Several manuscripts (5th/6th century; the most famous is the Uppsala Codex argenteus) contain the greater part of the New Testament. In spite of its fragmenta…

Evidence: 67 • authority: 72

The Codex argenteus (Latin for "Silver Book/Codex") is a 6th-century illuminated manuscript originally containing the gospels from the 4th-century translation of the Christian Bible into the Gothic language traditionally attributed to the Gothic Bishop Wulfila. A part of it is on permanent display at the Carolina Rediviva building in Uppsala, Sweden, under the name "Silverbibeln" (i.e. "The Silver Bible"). Since 2011, the Codex Argenteus has been included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Codex Carolinus is an uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated to the 6th-7th century. It is a palimpsest of a Latin text written over a Gothic one. The Gothic text is designated by siglum Car; the Latin text is designated by siglum gue (traditional system) or by 79 (on the list of Beuron) and represents the Old Latin translation of the New Testament. It is housed in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel in Lower Saxony, Germany. Thought fragmentary, it is one of the very few extant manuscripts of Wulfila's Gothic Bible. The four leaves of the codex were used as raw material for the production of another manuscript – Codex Guelferbytanus 64 Weissenburgensis, and its te…

Evidence: 27 • authority: 72

The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the Gothic language. It was developed in the 4th century AD by Ulfilas (or Wulfila), a Gothic preacher of Cappadocian Greek descent, for the purpose of translating the Bible. In form, most letters resemble letters of the Greek alphabet. The origin of the alphabet is disputed: it is debated whether (or how) the Latin and Runic alphabets were used as a source. The set of letters, and the way that they are used, show some innovations to express Gothic phonology.

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

The <i>Codex Argenteus</i>. Abstract This chapter discusses aspects of the history of the Codex Argenteus. The manuscript is described and the main events of its history are traced, with emphasis on uncertainties concerning its whereabouts before 1669. The essay addresses a news report, from 1968, suggesting a possible link between this manuscript and England. The second part of the chapter centres on Franciscus Junius’s editio princeps of the Codex Argenteus, printed in Dordrecht in 1665, and on a copy of the 1684 reprint owned by an English scholar, F. D. Wackerbarth. Junius’s edition was based not only on the original but on two copies, one attributed to a scribe named ‘Derrer’, who is i…

Evidence: 24 • authority: 72

Early translations of the New Testament – translations of the New Testament created in the 1st millennium. Among them, the ancient translations are highly regarded. They play a crucial role in modern textual criticism of the New Testament's text. These translations reached the hands of scholars in copies and also underwent changes, but the subsequent history of their text was independent of the Greek text-type and are therefore helpful in reconstructing it. Three of them – Syriac, Latin, Coptic – date from the late 2nd century and are older than nearly all of the surviving Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. They are cited in all critical editions of the Greek text-type. Translations pr…