ciało-człowieka: Growth hormone

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, also known as human growth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus central to human development. GH also stimulates production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and increases the concentration of glucose and free fatty acid. It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to the receptors on certain types of cells. GH is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. A recombinant form of HGH called somatropin…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 88

The Contribution of Price Growth to Pharmaceutical Revenue Growth in the United States: Evidence from Medicines Sold in Retail Pharmacies. Abstract Context: To what extent does pharmaceutical revenue growth depend on new medicines versus increasing prices for existing medicines? Moreover, does using list prices, as is commonly done, instead of prices net of confidential rebates offered by manufacturers, which are harder to observe, change the relative importance of the sources of revenue growth? Methods: This study uses data from SSR Health LLC to address these research questions using decomposition methods that analyze list prices, prices net of rebates, and sales for branded pharmaceutica…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 80

Chapter 7. From the Health Care Workplace to the Health Care System: Learning from the United States and the United Kingdom

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Specialty pharmacy refers to distribution channels designed to handle specialty drugs — pharmaceutical therapies that are high cost, high complexity or high touch. High touch refers to higher degree of complexity in terms of distribution, administration, or patient management which drives up the cost of the drugs. In the early years specialty pharmacy providers attached "high-touch services to their overall price tags" arguing that patients who receive specialty pharmaceuticals "need high levels of ancillary and follow-up care to ensure that the drug spend is not wasted on them." An example of a specialty drug that would only be available through specialty pharmacy is interferon beta-1a (Av…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

PDB39 A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT ADHERENCE WITH GROWTH HORMONE: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL MANAGED CARE POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Evidence: 42 • authority: 80

The purchaser role in provider quality: lessons from the United States.

Evidence: 42 • authority: 92

Scope and characteristics of patients filling medications through specialty pharmacies by ownership type.. Introduction Arkansas recently prohibited pharmacy ownership by pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), with similar proposals emerging nationally. Little evidence describes which patients rely on specialty pharmacies by ownership type or how divestiture policies may affect access. Methods Using Colorado all-payer claims linked to National Council for Prescription Drug Programs pharmacy information, we identified specialty pharmacy users among all patients' insurance coverage. Pharmacies were categorized as PBM-owned, insurer-owned, or non-vertically integrated. Patient demographics, Social…