codzienność: History of Kyrgyzstan

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus, and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mi…

Evidence: 34 • authority: 72

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, formerly known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. The capital and largest city is Bishkek which lies on the northern border with Kazakhstan. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the 7.5 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several civiliz…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 88

Low-temperature thermochronology history of the Kyrgyz Range – Western Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan). Constraining the effect of global climatic changes on earth surface&#8217;s processes is crucial to our understanding of landscape evolution. One debated question is the impact of the Late Cenozoic cooling and subsequent Quaternary glaciations on the erosion of mountain ranges.Low-temperature bedrock thermochronology is widely used to measure rock exhumation/erosion rates in mountain ranges across the world. Specifically, the (U-Th)/He system measured in apatite (AHe) can record low temperature (<100 &#9702;C) cooling histories and thus has the sensibility to detect million-year timescale changes…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 72

The history of the Jews in Russia goes back to the beginnings of the Russian state. At one time, the Russian Empire hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories, the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, and they also faced periods of antisemitic discriminatory policies and persecution, including violent pogroms. Many analysts have documented a "renaissance" in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century; however, the Russian Jewish population has experienced precipitous decline since the dissolution o…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 72

Kazakhs are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe. They share a common culture, language and history that is closely related to those of other Turkic peoples. The majority of ethnic Kazakhs live in their nation state of Kazakhstan. Ethnic Kazakh communities are present in Kazakhstan's border regions in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, northern Uzbekistan, northwestern China (Xinjiang), western Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii), and northern Iran (Golestan). The Kazakhs are the second-largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia and were previously the most influential of the various Central Asian ethnic groups. The Kazakhs emerged as a distinct people as a result of the fragmentation of th…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The history of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan is linked directly to the history of the Bukharan Jews of Uzbekistan. Until the 20th century, most Jews living in the Kyrgyz areas were members of the Bukharian Jewish community. However, during the 20th century, large numbers of European Jews began to emigrate to Kyrgyzstan, which was then part of the Soviet Union, and a small number of them still live in the country. In Kyrgyz tradition, the term "Djeet," similar to e.g., Polish żyd, was used to describe Jews. It is mentioned in the Kyrgyz epic poem Manas, which dates back to the 10th century CE. In Manas, several central-Asian cities are described as having Jewish communities in them, among them Sama…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Bishkek, formerly known as Pishpek (until 1926), and then Frunze (1926–1991), is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan, and the capital of the Chüy Region. It is situated near the border with Kazakhstan and has a population of around 1,200,000 people as of 2024. The Khanate of Kokand established the fortress of Pishpek in 1825 to control local caravan routes and to collect tribute from Kyrgyz tribes. On 4 September 1860, with the approval of the Kyrgyz, Russian forces led by Colonel Apollon Zimmermann destroyed the fortress. In the present day, the fortress ruins can be found just north of Jibek Jolu Street, near the new main mosque. A Russian settlement was established in 1868 on the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Kyrgyz Khanate, also the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate or the Ormon Khanate, was a khanate of the Kyrgyz people established in the northern part of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan that existed from 1841 to 1867. The khanate was proclaimed as a result of the confederation of a number of northern Kyrgyz tribes at the initiative of Ormon Khan in 1841, who became the first ruler of the khanate. After the death of Ormon Khan, his son Umetaaly would succeed him and continue to govern the fragmented khanate, where he would later face Russian annexation in 1867, eventually ending the khanate rule.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia embarked on a campaign to expand the Russian frontier to the east. This effort continued until the 19th century under the Russian Empire, when the Imperial Russian Army succeeded in conquering all of Central Asia. The majority of this land became known as Russian Turkestan—the name "Turkestan" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that the vast majority of the population was inhabited by Turkic peoples, excluding the Tajiks, who are ethnolinguistically Iranian people; the ethnolinguistic map of the region has not changed significantly since then. Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the British Empire sou…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages. According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in the Altai-Sayan region, Mongolia or Tuva. Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became nomadic pastoralists. Early and medieval Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as Iranic, Mongolic, Tocharian, Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. Many v…