fermentacja: Vikings

Evidence: 69 • authority: 72

Vikings were a seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe. They voyaged as far as the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, Greenland, and Vinland (present-day Newfoundland in Canada, North America). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the Viking Age, and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on t…

Evidence: 60 • authority: 72

The Vinland Map is a 20th-century forgery purporting to be a 15th-century mappa mundi with unique information about Norse exploration of North America. The map first came to light in 1957 and was acquired by Yale University. It became well known due to the publicity campaign which accompanied its revelation to the public as a "genuine" pre-Columbian map in 1965. In addition to showing Africa, Asia and Europe, the map depicts a landmass south-west of Greenland in the Atlantic labelled as Vinland (Vinlanda Insula). The map describes this region as having been visited by Europeans in the 11th century. Although it was presented to the world in 1965 with an accompanying scholarly book written by…

Evidence: 52 • authority: 72

Vinland, Vineland, or Winland (Old Norse: Vínland hit góða, lit. 'Vinland the Good') was an area of coastal North America explored by Vikings. Leif Erikson landed there around AD 1000, nearly five centuries before the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot. The name appears in the Vinland sagas and describes a land beyond Greenland, Helluland, and Markland. Much of the geographical content of the sagas corresponds to present-day knowledge of transatlantic travel and North America. In 1960, Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad discovered the remains of Norse buildings at L'Anse aux Meadows, on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland. Before the discovery of archaeological evid…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 92

New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows.. The UNESCO World Heritage site of L'Anse aux Meadows (LAM) in northern Newfoundland is the only undisputed site of pre-1492 presence of Europeans in the Americas. In August 2018, we undertook fieldwork at LAM to sample the peat bog 30 m east of the Norse ruins for a multiproxy paleoenvironmental assessment of Norse settlement. Instead, we encountered a new cultural horizon. Here we report our fieldwork at this iconic site and a Bayesian analysis of legacy radiocarbon data, which nuance previous conclusions and suggest Norse activity at LAM may have endured for a century. In light of these findings, we reflect on how the cultural horizon, containing nonna…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Helluland (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈhelːoˌlɑnd]) is one of the three lands, the others being Vinland and Markland, seen by Bjarni Herjólfsson, encountered by Leif Erikson and further explored by Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America.

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Newfoundland is a large island within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is situated off the eastern coast of the North American mainland, to the south of Labrador. The island contains 29% of the province's land area, but is home to over 90% of the province's population, with about 60% of the province's population located on the small southeastern Avalon Peninsula. The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and from Cape Breton Island by the Cabot Strait. It blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. Newfoundland's nearest neighbour, at only 19 km (12 mi) away, is th…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Earliest perissodactyls reveal large-scale dispersals during the PETM.. Perissodactyls were a diverse order of mammals in the Northern Hemisphere during the Paleogene, but very few species remain today. They first appear during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 56 Ma) on the three continents of the Northern Hemisphere. Because they lack modern diversity, the study of their evolutionary history remains difficult, relying almost exclusively on fossils. In addition, their origin and early diversification remain elusive since all main groups appear at the same time with several genera and are already diverse, contrary to other modern mammal orders. Here, we investigate the early evolu…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

First Eocene lizard (Squamata) from Balkanatolia documents overwater dispersal of Paleogene pleurodontan iguanians.. We here describe a fossil jaw fragment from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) Uzunçarşıdere Formation in Anatolia, pertaining to a pleurodontan iguanian. This region during most of the Eocene was part of an isolated insular landmass, called Balkanatolia, that is mostly known for its peculiar and diverse insular mammalian fauna. The lizard specimen represents the first evidence of Eocene reptiles from Balkanatolia, providing a first glimpse into the herpetofaunas of this, now lost, insular landmass. The fossil material is rather fragmentary, precluding a more precise identification…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Recognition of two potential warming events in the Paleocene terrestrial record of North America and associated mammalian responses.. Numerous early Cenozoic transient warming events ("hyperthermals") have been recognized in the marine record, but few have been located in fossiliferous terrestrial strata. Locating warming events is critical for understanding how terrestrial animals and plants responded to past climate change. We recognize two carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) in lower Paleocene (Danian) strata of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, United States, based on sustained decreases in carbon isotope values in bulk organic carbon. The upper excursion correlates closely with the Latest D…