Pies: A group of puppies is called a litter

Evidence: 80 • authority: 92

Periostitis Ossificans in a Litter of Belgian Malinois Puppies.. Periostitis ossificans (PO) is a subtype of chronic osteomyelitis characterized by subperiosteal bone formation as a reaction to mild infection or irritation. In the veterinary medicine literature, it has been described in large breed dogs, aged 3 to 5 months, and was postulated to be caused by mild inflammation related to tooth eruption. This report describes 3 Belgian Malinois puppies from the same litter diagnosed with PO at 3 months of age. The puppies presented with non-painful distal mandibular swellings. Diagnostic procedures included intraoral dental radiographs, a computed tomography scan of the head, and bone biopsie…

Evidence: 80 • authority: 72

A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time in animals from the same mother and usually from one set of parents, particularly from three to eight offspring. The word is most often used for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young. In comparison, a group of eggs and the offspring that hatch from them are frequently called a clutch, while young birds are often called a brood. Animals from the same litter are referred to as littermates.

Evidence: 59 • authority: 88

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia in a litter of Beagle puppies. ABSTRACT Out of a litter of eight (five male, three female) Beagle puppies, four (three male, one female) showed hind leg dysfunction at birth. One of them was killed at the age of 3 weeks because its condition had deteriorated. The other three were subjected to periodic radiographical examination. Punctate calcification or stippled epiphyses were found bilaterally in the tarsal and carpal bones, in the femoral, humeral, metacarpal and meta‐tarsal epiphyses, and in the bodies of the sixth and seventh lumbar vertebrae. No anomalies were seen in the antebrachial, crural, phalangeal and flat bones. Seventeen radiographs showed charac…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 88

Suspected Generalized Neonatal Tetanus in a Litter of Puppies. ABSTRACT Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani neurotoxin, is extensively described in adult dogs and is frequently associated with a recent history of wounds. Although this condition is reported in 2–3 mo old puppies, tetanus has not been described in neonates. Herein, we report the clinical signs of 3–5 day old American Bully puppies from the same litter, presenting with an acute onset of marked generalized stiffness of the extensor muscles, trismus, and an inability to suckle. Three puppies died because of tetanus: one died during consultation, one was euthanized owing to respiratory distress, and the third died 1 mo after in…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 88

Evaluation of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter effects on preweaning mortality in a birth cohort of puppies. Abstract Objective To determine relative impact of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter factors on puppy mortality. Animals 2,622 Boxer puppies of 413 litters born during a 14-month period. Procedure For each puppy, pedigree was determined, and litter in which it was born was registered. Overall mortality and mortality per specific cause of death were analyzed by use of a model that included an additive genetic effect, common-litter effect, within-litter effect, and regression of mortality on inbreeding coefficient. Relative importance of the effects was determined from…

Evidence: 59 • authority: 92

Randomised controlled trial finds no evidence that a synbiotic improves health in assistance dog puppies.. Background Prebiotics and probiotics ('synbiotics' when combined) are purported to be effective in the treatment of diarrhoea and potentially other diseases. However, it is unclear whether preventive use early in life can affect health outcomes for puppies. Methods A triple-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a synbiotic in reducing the occurrence and severity of diarrhoea, gastrointestinal disease and atopy. The synbiotic contained Enterococcus faecium, fructo-oligosaccharides and gum arabic. Puppies were randomly allocated to one of two grou…

Evidence: — • authority: 38